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"Felting"
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Adorable felted animals : 30 easy & incredibly lifelike needle felted pals
\"Shows you how you can create more than 30 endearing dogs, cats, birds and other animals using a little wool roving, a felting needle, and a few simple techniques. Starting with basic shapes you roll in your hands, you can sculpt the most lifelike minature animals. [...] A full lesson takes you through one of the projects from beginning to end, covering all the basics to ensure that you have all the skills you need to make any critter you want.\"--Cover flap.
Book
Green, Eco-Friendly, and Waterless Anti-Felting Process by Three Different DESs, Compared with Chlorinated Anti-Felting Process to Produce Superwash Woolen Goods
Finding a suitable alternative for toxic, harmful materials and environmentally incompatible production or finishing processes is considered to be a great deal in the green textile industry. The felting resistance or anti-felting process is one of the main processes of finishing woolen goods, which ensures the dimensional stability of the product in the next washing phases, but it causes the release of several tons of chlorine-containing materials into the environment and the occurrence of irreparable ecological damage. In this study, deep eutectic solvents (DESs) named reline, oxaline, and phospholine have been synthesized and then as a green anti-felting agent for wool fibers furthermore as a non-aqueous reaction medium, successfully replaced sodium hypochlorite, which is a harmful and environmentally incompatible substance. The shrinkage rate of wool treated with hypochlorite, reline, oxaline and phospholine were 8.56, 10, 12.38, and 24.36%, respectively, compared with 32% shrinkage in untreated fibers. Observations of FESEM, FTIR, EDX, and reflection spectroscopy, furthermore the results of dyeing process, wetting time, alkaline solubility, urea bisulfite solubility, strength, and felting tests, showed that the use of DESs, alongside preserving the optimal physicochemical and mechanical properties and improves dye absorption properties, the whiteness and yellowness index of the fibers, together with many other advantages such as not consuming water, reducing wastewater and more importantly, their capability to recycling and reuse.
Journal Article
Needle felted kittens : how to create cute and lifelike cats from wool
Did you notice the adorable kitten on the cover of this book? Look closer...even closer...it's hard to believe, but that it's not a real kitten, it's an incredibly detailed and lifelike needle felted creation from artist Hinali. Hinali has been creating these felt masterpieces and sharing the amazing results with her over 20k fans via social media since 2011, and now her long-awaited first book explains in detail how her incredible creatures are created.
Book
A Sustainable and Effective Bioprocessing Approach for Improving Anti-felting, Anti-pilling and Dyeing Properties of Wool Fabric
The surface of wool comprises overlapping cuticle scales that hinder processing of the fiber. Enzymatic modification is widely used for damaging or removing cuticle scales in wool. However, common protease enzyme has poor hydrolysis ability on wool (85 % are keratin) due to specificity of the enzyme, resulting in low modification effect on wool. A novel and effective method was developed to circumvent this limitation resulting in wool with excellent anti-felting, anti-pilling and dyeing properties using proteinase K, a special protease that can effectively degrade keratin. Analysis showed that proteinase K had high affinity for keratin, making it more inclined to hydrolyze the scale layer than the cortical layer compared with commercial proteases Esperase 8.0L and papain. Area shrinkage (4.7 %) of samples treated with proteinase K was significantly lower compared with the area shrinkage of untreated samples (18.5 %), thus complying with machine-washable requirements. A pilling-free modified fabric was obtained with a small enzyme dosage (8 U/g) and the percentage of dye uptake of the wool fabric increased by 100 % compared with original fabric.
Journal Article
Anatomical properties of branches and twigs mangrove woods
In order to optimize the utilization of mangrove woods, particularly branches and twigs parts, this research was conducted to investigate anatomical properties of three species of mangrove woods, namely api-api ( Avicennia marina ), bakau minyak ( Rhizopora apiculata ), and berembang ( Sonneratia caseolaris ). The properties were comprised of both microtome sections and macerations dimensions. Procedure for microtome followed Sass method, resulted in three sections for each part, namely cross-section (L/longitudinal), radial/R section, and tangential/T section. Technical procedure for maceration based on Forest Product Laboratory (FPL) method, resulted in measurement of fiber dimension and derivative of fiber dimension. In term of microtome, the anatomical features between branches and twigs for each species in L, R, T sections are similar, but their quantitative anatomical observations between twigs and branches have differences in the vessel, rays and fiber parameters statistically. In term of fiber dimension and its derivatives (Runkel Ratio, Felting Power, Mulhstep Ratio, Coefficient Rigidity, Flexibility Ratio) both branches and twigs showed same quality class, namely 3 rd class with scored 150-175 points.
Journal Article
A novel “trifunctional protease” with reducibility, hydrolysis, and localization used for wool anti-felting treatment
Proteases can cause unacceptable fiber damage when they are singly applied to wool anti-felting treatment which can make wool textiles machine-washable. Even if protease is attached by synthetic polymers, the modified protease plays a limited role in the degradation of keratin with dense structure consisting of disulfide bonds in the scales. Here, to obtain “machine-washable” wool textiles, a novel “trifunctional protease” with reducibility, hydrolysis, and localization is developed by means of covalent bonding of protease molecules with poly (ethylene glycol) bis (carboxymethyl) ether (HOOC-PEG-COOH) and l-cysteine using carbodiimide/N-hydroxysuccinimide (EDC/NHS) coupling, aiming at selectively degrading the scales on the surface of wool. The formation of polymer is confirmed with size exclusion chromatography (SEC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). Ellman’s test and fluorescence microscopy reveal that the modified protease can reduce disulfide bonds and restrict hydrolysis of peptide bonds on the wool scales. Furthermore, when applied to wool fabrics, the modified protease reach better treatment effects considering dimensional stability to felting (6.12%), strength loss (11.7%) and scale dislodgement proved by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), alkali solubility, wettability, and dyeability. This multifunctional enzyme is well-designed according to the requirement of the modification of wool surface, showing great potential for eco-friendly functionalization of keratin fibers rich in disulfide linkage.
Journal Article
Eco-friendly Anti-felting Finishing and Low-Temperature Dyeing of Wool Through Plant Protease
The presence of hydrophobic scales in wool leads to felt shrinkage, stiffness and hinders the dyeing process. This study suggests that plant protease can focus on breaking down the keratin in the scale layer on the “hydrolysis mode” to achieve a controlled peeling from the surface layer of the scale gradually to the outer layer, with little damage to the inner layer and CMC layer. The opening of the channel in the scale layer enhances the adsorption and diffusion of the dye in the fiber, thus making dyeing very easy. Wool fabrics before and after enzymatic treatment were structurally characterized using Raman spectroscopy, FT-Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results showed that papain and bromelain tended to cleave the amide bonds and some intermolecular disulfide bonds in the molecular chains of keratin in the wool scale layer. In comparison, papain reduced the felting shrinkage of the wool fabric to 2.11%. It also increased the anti-pilling level of wool fabric by 1 level and the antistatic property by 30%. Besides, pretreatment with bromelain had a significant effect on traditional dip dyeing, increasing the dyeing rate by 48% and the K/S value by 28%. The strategy played a positive role in promoting the sustainable development policy of energy saving and emission reduction. This study provides an alternative method for environmentally friendly anti-felting finishing and low-temperature dyeing of wool fabric that can be applied commercially.
Journal Article
Change and Transformation of Functions in Turkey’s Felt Objects
This study analyses felt and the practice of felting from the geography of Turkey, as a way to explore felt’s function in material culture. Felting is a method of craft making that consists of compressing fibres (wool or other). Felt, (in Turkish “keçe”) can be defined as the outcome product of felting process. However, keçe represents more than just a cloth or a textile. It was an important part of daily life in the geography of Turkey, for instance among nomads who produced their daily necessities from felt. For the study, first, I introduce some felt products from Turkey. Afterwards, I share the processes and results of a field study, through observations and interviews conducted with feltmakers in Tire region in Turkey. Then I share an analysis and results from the product research and field study. Nowadays felt is found through another range of accessories and artistic works, such as decorational products, hair bands, slippers, vase, tumbler, hats. While felt was commonly used for important functions such as carrying, moving; today, other materials are used for these functions. Therefore, felt objects can be perceived and bought as accessories rather than necessities in modern culture. Nevertheless, felt is still used for the representation of identities. Although felt is considered to have lost its value, for the context of Turkey, I argue that the functions have shifted to new contexts. Through different functionalities such as being tools for self-expressions/communication, felt has a similar value in the current culture.
Journal Article
Dyeing of Wool with Indigo Dye: Effect of pH on Colorimetric Parameters, Tensile Properties and Felting Shrinkage
Wool fabric was dyed with indigo dye and the effect of dyeing conditions on color strength and mechanical properties was studied. The dyeing of wool with indigo dye in an alkaline condition causes hydrolysis of wool and thus a loss in strength and weight of the wool fabric. Therefore, dyeing process parameters were optimized, including pH, the concentration of sodium hydrosulphite and temperature. A broad range of pH from 6 to 11 provided a uniform shade with very good to excellent wash and rubbing fastness properties. The maximum color yield was obtained at pH 11. A temperature of 80 °C and sodium hydrosulphite concentration of 8 gpl were the optimum dyeing conditions for the maximum shade buildup. Both non-ionic and ionic forms of indigo dye have shown good substantivity for wool fibre. Dyeing at pH 6, at which the dye exists in leuco vat acid form, resulted in good color build-up and uniform shade with very good to excellent fastness properties. Additionally, due to acidic pH, there was no felting shrinkage and no loss in strength or weight after dyeing. Compared to pH 6, dyeing at pH 11 produced higher color depth. There was about 15% felting shrinkage, 17% strength loss (warp direction) and 7% weight loss. The dyeing temperature has significant effect on the mechanical properties of the wool fabric. At 80 °C and pH-9.5, the loss in strength was 13.94% which increased to 54.83% at 100 °C while weight loss increased from 3.2% at 80 °C to 18.4% at 100 °C with other dyeing parameters being constant.
Journal Article