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Extracts with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties are limited in their application in food products due to their inability to withstand harsh environmental conditions, such as high temperatures and oxygen exposure. Therefore, the present study investigated the nanoencapsulation of Teucrium polium L. extract using the freeze‐drying method to facilitate its application and protection against environmental factors. In this regard, an emulsion containing Teucrium polium L. extract at concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30% and a mixture of maltodextrin/Persian gum in three ratios of 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1 as the coating wall were produced and then dried in a freeze dryer. In the following, the properties of emulsions and produced nanocapsules were studied. According to the results, emulsions with high amounts of Persian gum showed more stability, zeta potential, and viscosity. However, their particle size and polydisparity index were lower than those of other emulsions. As the extract concentration increased, there was a decrease in stability, zeta potential, and viscosity, accompanied by an increase in particle size and polydispersity index. Concurrently, elevated concentrations of maltodextrin, Persian gum, and extract resulted in higher humidity, density, encapsulation efficiency, and antioxidant activity of the capsules. The most optimal properties of emulsions and nanocapsules were achieved at the 10% concentration of Teucrium polium L. extract and the 1:1 ratio of maltodextrin/Persian gum mixture as the wall material. It is noteworthy that the release rate of phenolic compounds reached its maximum value (88%) after 60 days. An emulsion containing Teucrium polium L. extract at concentrations of 10, 20, and 30%, and a mixture of maltodextrin/Persian gum (1:2, 1:1, and 2:1) as the coating wall were produced and dried in a freeze dryer. The optimal properties of emulsions and nanocapsules were achieved at the 10% concentration of extract and the 1:1 ratio of maltodextrin/Persian gum as the wall material. The release rate of phenolic compounds reached its maximum value (88%) after 60 days.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a number of biological agents such as extracts from various parts of the plants have garnered remarkable attention recently. The aim of the study was a green synthesis of AgNPs using stems and flowers of Felty germander ( Teucrium polium L.). After collection and preparation of the aqueous extract, production of AgNPs was performed. In the study, effect of parameters including AgNO 3 concentration (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 50 mM), aqueous extract (100 µl, 150 µl, 300 µl, 600 µl and 900 µl), pH value (between 0 and 14), incubation time (5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 min), and temperature (30 °C, 60 °C, and 90 °C) were investigated in the synthesis of AgNPs. The sufficient production was achieved at the room temperature (30 °C), duration of 15 min, pH of 6 and concentration of 7.5 mM of AgNO 3 . Finally, the antifungal activity of these nanoparticles was also studied on Fusarium oxysporum by colony formation assay. The production of AgNPs was identified by an absorption peak at approximately 450 nm using UV–Visible spectroscopy. According to XRD, DSL, FESEM, and PSA results and analysis of SEM, nanoparticles have almost spherical shape and size of 10 to 100 nm. The SEM images also revealed that the prepared AgNPs are particles with no agglomeration. Furthermore, the TEM images exhibited that the AgNPs were well dispersed and there was no evident aggregation. Absorption peaks at 3391.55, 2917.00, 2848.83, 1640.15, 1384.65, 1243.37, 1069.07 and 614.54 cm −1 were observed for the AgNPs using FTIR analysis. On the other hand, the antifungal analysis revealed that these AgNPs have antifungal activity. For the first time, the biosynthesis of AgNPs was successfully performed using the aqueous extract of Felty germander which is a rapid, inexpensive and safe approach. Furthermore, the resulting AgNPs has antifungal activity.