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Eficàcia de les accions tècniques i tàctiques de l'espasa masculina d'elit segons la seva distribució espacial i temporal/Effectiveness of Technical and Tactical Actions in Elite Men's Épée according to their Spatial and Temporal Distribution
Few scientific publications are devoted to the analysis of the time dynamics and technical and tactical determinants in fencing. The aim of this study is to analyse the time structure of phrases in high-level épée, the different technical and tactical actions, their spatial and time location, and their impact on the score. This was done using an observational methodology based on an open and systematic process of non-participant observation with a nomothetic, punctual, multidimensional design. A total of 3,454 actions by 32 men's épée fencers were recorded in two World Championships. The observation instrument used was an adaptation of Esgrimobs and Lince v.1.1 software was the recording tool. The main results revealed a balance between work time (44.3 %b) and rest time (55.7 %b), with an average action time of 17.7 s (± 3.8) and rest time of 18.0 s (± 4.9). Phrases were performed mostly in the 3m zone, while the 2m zone had the biggest bearing on the scoreboard. Both the density and the effectiveness of the phrases were increased in the last 10 seconds. The offensive actions were the most commonly used (44.9 %) followed by the defensive (33.0 %) and counter-offensive (22.1 %), with the latter most efficient with a third of counter-offensive actions adding to the score.
Journal Article
Fencing for wildlife disease control
Fencing is a contentious issue due to its impact on conservation. The Danish government aims to establish a 70 km fence towards the border of Germany and the agricultural ministry of Bulgaria erected 133 km fences along the border with Romania to prevent the spread of African swine fever by wild boar. The Norwegian government recently erected 24 km of fencing as part of combating chronic wasting disease among reindeer. Europe therefore faces a new situation: fencing to limit emerging wildlife diseases. There is, however, surprisingly little scientific literature available on the efficacy of fencing for controlling wildlife disease. Fencing to combat disease include (a) “perimeter fencing” aiming for containment and reducing likelihood of geographic spread, and (b) “hot spot fencing” aiming to lower transmission rates within endemic disease areas. Critical limitations of perimeter fencing include: numerous practical and construction details, differences in animal behaviour relative to fences, animal contact along fences, placement relative to natural barriers, human infrastructure that disrupt continuous fencing, and mode of disease transmission including human‐aided disease spread. Hot spot fencing is a potentially important way of reducing transmission of diseases once endemic but materials and construction of fences need to be well thought through. A single fence breach does not have the same consequences as for perimeter fencing. Synthesis and applications. Fencing as a tactic to mitigate the spread of disease appears appealing to politicians, but implementation uncertainty is considerable. We fear efforts may be futile unless more attention is paid to both practical and biological detail. There is also an urgent need to build a more evidence‐based approach using experience from other sectors. Fencing as a tactic to mitigate the spread of disease appears appealing to politicians, but implementation uncertainty is considerable. We fear efforts may be futile unless more attention is paid to both practical and biological detail. There is also an urgent need to build a more evidence‐based approach using experience from other sectors.
Journal Article
Sharps
After forty years of war, an uneasy truce is called between two neighboring kingdoms. The chance for peace rests on diplomatic talks as well as the games, where two teams of fencers represent their nations at this pivotal moment.
Book
Animal use of fence crossings in southwestern rangelands
Net‐wire fencing built to confine livestock is common on rangelands in the Southwestern USA, yet the impacts of livestock fencing on wildlife are largely unknown. Many wildlife species cross beneath fences at defined crossing locations because they prefer to crawl underneath rather than jump over fences. Animals occasionally become entangled jumping or climbing over fences, leading to injury or death. More commonly, repeated crossings under net‐wire fencing by large animals lead to fence damage, though the damage is often tolerated by landowners until the openings affect the ability to enclose livestock. The usage, placement, characteristics, and passage rates of fence crossings beneath net‐wire fencing are poorly understood. We monitored 20 randomly selected fence crossings on net‐wire livestock fencing across two study sites on rangelands in South Texas, USA, from April 2018 to March 2019. We assessed the characteristics of fence‐crossing locations (openings beneath the fence created by animals to aid in crossing) and quantified crossing rates and the probability of crossing by all species of animals via trail cameras. We documented 10,889 attempted crossing events, with 58% (n = 6271) successful. Overall, 15 species of medium‐ and large‐size mammals and turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) contributed to crossing events. Crossing locations received 3–4 crossing attempts per day on average, but the number of attempts and probability of successful crossing varied by location and fence condition. The probability of crossing attempts was most consistently influenced by the opening size of the crossing and season; as crossing size (opening) increased, the probability of successful crossing significantly increased for all species. Peaks in crossing activity corresponded with species' daily and seasonal movements and activity. The density and size of fence‐crossing locations were dependent on fence maintenance and not associated with vegetation communities or habitat variables. However, crossing locations were often re‐established in the same locations after fence repairs. This is one of the few studies to monitor how all animal species present interacted with net‐wire livestock fencing in rangelands. Our results will help land managers understand the impact of net‐wire livestock fencing on animal movement. We assessed characteristics of fence‐crossing locations and quantified crossing rates and probability of crossing by all species of animals via trail cameras in South Texas. We documented 10,889 attempted crossing events. This is one of the few studies to monitor how all animal species present interacted with net‐wire livestock fencing in the southwestern rangelands.
Journal Article
Barbed wire : an ecology of modernity
In this original and controversial book, historian and philosopher Reviel Netz explores the development of a controlling and pain-inducing technology—barbed wire. Surveying its development from 1874 to 1954, Netz describes its use to control cattle during the colonization of the American West and to control people in Nazi concentration camps and the Russian Gulag. Physical control over space was no longer symbolic after 1874.
This is a history told from the perspective of its victims. With vivid examples of the interconnectedness of humans, animals, and the environment, this dramatic account of barbed wire presents modern history through the lens of motion being prevented. Drawing together the history of humans and animals, Netz delivers a compelling new perspective on the issues of colonialism, capitalism, warfare, globalization, violence, and suffering. Theoretically sophisticated but written with a broad readership in mind, Barbed Wire calls for nothing less than a reconsideration of modernity.
eBook
Curses! foiled again
Follows New York City high school fencer Aliera Carstair's continuing adventures as the defender of the Seelie realm.
Book
Biomechanics of fencing sport: A scoping review
The aim of our scoping review was to identify and summarize current evidence on the biomechanics of fencing to inform athlete development and injury prevention.
Scoping review.
Peer-reviewed research was identified from electronic databases using a structured keyword search. Details regarding experimental design, study group characteristics and measured outcomes were extracted from retrieved studies, summarized and information regrouped under themes for analysis. The methodological quality of the evidence was evaluated.
Thirty-seven peer-reviewed studies were retrieved, the majority being observational studies conducted with experienced and elite athletes. The methodological quality of the evidence was \"fair\" due to the limited scope of research. Male fencers were the prevalent group studied, with the lunge and use of a foil weapon being the principal movement evaluated. Motion capture and pedabarography were the most frequently used data collection techniques.
Elite fencers exhibited sequential coordination of upper and lower limb movements with coherent patterns of muscle activation, compared to novice fencers. These elite features of neuromuscular coordination resulted in higher magnitudes of forward linear velocity of the body center of mass and weapon. Training should focus on explosive power. Sex- and equipment-specific effects could not be evaluated based on available research.
Journal Article