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Ferrites; MFe 2 O 4 ( M  = Co, Ni, Cu, Mg ,and Zn) nanocrystals were prepared using sucrose auto-combustion. X-ray diffraction showed complete formation of ferrites with tetragonal structure for CuFe 2 O 4 and cubic for all others. Fourier transform-infrared confirmed ferrites' formation, and the obtained data were used to estimate the different elastic properties. Transmission electron microscopy exhibited agglomerated spherically shaped clusters for CoFe 2 O 4 , MgFe 2 O 4 , and ZnFe 2 O 4 while NiFe 2 O 4 and CuFe 2 O 4 showed cubic morphology. Magnetic measurements via vibrating sample magnetometer revealed ferromagnetic properties of all ferrites except for ZnFe 2 O 4 indicating paramagnetic one. The coercivity measurements indicated magnetically hard ferrites for CoFe 2 O 4 and CuFe 2 O 4 , while others showed soft magnetic. ac-conductivity indicated semiconducting properties with a magnetic phase transition from ferro- to paramagnetic for all ferrites except for CoFe 2 O 4 . The deviation from Arrhenius plots at > 500 K revealed the conduction mechanism change from electron hopping to polaron conduction. This change was also proved via conductivity vs. frequency and through dielectric relaxation. Graphical abstract XRD indicated cubic structure for all the studied ferrites except for CuFe 2 O 4 which showed tetragonal structure.

One major cause of to environmental pollution is industrial dye wastewater. The main purpose of current work was synthesis and investigation of effectiveness of LDH–Ferrite–Biochar–Polymeric composites for removal of anionic dye (Acid blue 41) from wastewater. The co-precipitation technique is used to synthesize Zn–Al Layered double hydroxide-Manganese ferrite–Egg Shell biochar–Starch (Zn–Al–MnFe 2 O 4 –ESB–Sta), Cu–Al Layered double hydroxide–Cadmium ferrite–Eucalyptus bark biochar–Chitosan (Cu–Al–CdFe 2 O 4 –EBB–Cs), Cd–Al Layered double hydroxide–Cobalt ferrite–Jujube wood biochar–Sodium alginate (Cd–Al–CoFe 2 O 4 –JWB–Na–Alg), Mn–Al Layered double hydroxide–Copper ferrite–Mulberry Stem Biochar–Starch (Mn–Al–CuFe 2 O 4 –MSB–Sta) and Co–Al Layered double hydroxide–zinc ferrite-peanut shell biochar–carboxymethyl cellulose (Co–Al–ZnFe 2 O 4 –PSB–CMC). According to findings of recent studies, Zn–Al–MnFe 2 O 4 –ESB-Sta (40.1 mg/g), Cu–Al–CdFe 2 O 4 –EBB–Cs (35.6 mg/g), Cd–Al–CoFe 2 O 4 –JWB–Na–Alg (28.1 mg/g), Mn–Al–CuFe 2 O 4 –MSB-Sta (37.3 mg/g) and Co–Al–ZnFe 2 O 4 –PSB–CMC (31.2 mg/g) has adsorption capacity for acid blue 41 dye. All composites achieved maximum adsorption effectiveness in acidic range (2–5), eliminating AB-41 dye in 45 min at optimal dose 0.05 g and 150 mg/l initial dye concentration was optimum. After 30 °C, adsorption potential decreased, indicating exothermic mechanisms. The efficiency was still adequate after five cycles of regeneration. The Pseudo 2nd order Kinetics and Freundlich isotherm model were successfully implemented among the applied models. The aforementioned composites are deemed the most cost-effective, energy-efficient, ecologically friendly, and biologically renewable materials for treating wastewater containing AB-41 dye. The results indicate that Zn–Al–MnFe 2 O 4 –ESB–Sta is the most effective synthetic composite for water remediation among all others. Furthermore, it was discovered in a column study that the ideal bed height, flow rate, and inlet concentration of dye were 3 cm, 3.6 ml/min, and 50 mg/l, respectively, for achieving the highest adsorption of AB-41 dye. Graphical Abstract

This study is an attempt to compare the hyperthermia and antimicrobial activity of three members of the family of spinel ferrite magnetic nanoparticles (XFe 2 O 4 , where X = Mg, Cu, and CO) MNPs. Spinell ferrite of MgFe 2 O 4 , CuFe 2 O 4 , and CoFe 2 O 4 were prepared via sol–gel method. Structural and morphological shapes were investigated by different techniques X-ray diffraction X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and (Transmission electron microscope) TEM. Magnetic properties were examined by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The in vitro test was conducted on cervical Hela cells using an MTT assay. Finally, the antimicrobial activity was tested on Staphylococcus aureus , Bacillus subtlus , and Escherichia coli using a clearing inhibition zone. XRD results confirmed the crystalline nature of MgFe 2 O 4 , CuFe 2 O 4 , and CoFe 2 O 4 . VSM results showed a high maximum saturation (Ms = 44.87 emu/g) of CuFe 2 O 4 which is greater than that of CoFe 2 O 4 and MgFe 2 O 4 (18.221 and 18.669) emu/g, respectively. MTT assay revealed that high cell death was detected on Hela cells of CuFe 2 O 4 compared to that of MgFe 2 O 4 and CoFe 2 O 4 . The anti-microbial study showed that the prepared spinel magnetic nanoparticles possessed antimicrobial activity due to the release of Mg, Cu, Co, and Fe ions. Results showed that the CuFe 2 O 4 could be a good spinel ferrite for medical application with antimicrobial activity and generate heat (hyperthermia, anti-cancer material).

We review the basic phenomenology of magnetic losses from DC to 1 GHz in commercial and laboratory-prepared soft ferrites considering recent concepts regarding their physical interpretation. This is based, on the one hand, on the identification of the contributions to the magnetization process provided by spin rotations and domain walls and, on the other hand, the concept of loss separation. It additionally contemplates a distinction between the involved microscopic dissipation mechanisms: spin damping and eddy currents. Selected experimental results on the broadband behavior of complex permeability and losses in Mn-Zn ferrites provide significant examples of their dependence on sintering methods, solute elements, and working temperature. We also highlight the peculiar frequency and temperature response of Ni-Zn ferrites, which can be heavily affected by magnetic aftereffects. The physical modeling of the losses brings to light the role of the magnetic anisotropy and the way its magnitude distribution, affected by the internal demagnetizing fields, acts upon the magnetization process and its dependence on temperature and frequency. It is shown that the effective anisotropy governs the interplay of domain wall and rotational processes and their distinctive dissipation mechanisms, whose contributions are recognized in terms of different loss components.

At room temperature, Ni x Zn 1-x-y Co y Fe 2 O 4 ( x  = 0.0 y  = 0.0, x  = 0.8 y  = 0.0, x  = 1.0 y  = 0.0, x  = 0.0 y  = 0.8, x  = 0.0 y  = 1.0, x  = 0.4 y  = 0.4) were synthesized using the sol–gel method. Using pure nickel, zinc and cobalt ferrite as control group, and the structure and properties of ferrites containing two substituents were analyzed by each characterization. According to the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results, the prepared samples have spinel structures and no other impurity phases. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy examines the completeness and functional group information of the preparation procedure, and the samples’ spinel structures were once again confirmed. Using a UV–Vis absorption spectrum examines the samples’ band-gap value, and verifies their semiconductor properties. According to the scanning electron microscope (SEM), the sample agglomerates because of its magnetism, and forms a spherical cube. Besides, the narrow particle-size distribution shows a homogeneous sample size. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analyzes the sample which does not contain other impurity elements, and the element composition was consistent with the chemical formula of the prepared sample. A vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) was used to examine the magnetic characteristics of the different samples. The superparamagnetism of zinc ferrite, ferromagnetism of cobalt ferrite, and sub-ferromagnetism of nickel ferrite could be obtained from the hysteresis loop diagram.

Cutting edge science and technology needs high quality data storage devices for their applications in artificial intelligence and digital industries. Resistive random access memory (RRAM) is an emerging nonvolatile memory used for recording and reproducing the digital information. Earlier studies on RRAM applications suggest that spinel ferrite is a potential material. We envisage that the spinel ferrite prepared by a particular route, namely spin coating, will in future optimize the essential parameters for optimal functioning of RRAM. An assertion to our assumptions, few researchers have already obtained important findings for spin coated spinel ferrites. Spin coated spinel ferrites, namely zinc ferrite, nickel ferrite, cobalt ferrite and mixed spinel ferrites, have been investigated for their applications as switching layers in RRAM devices. Particularly, spin coated cobalt ferrite, nickel ferrite and doped nickel ferrite were widely used as resistive switching layers. However, it is noticed that there is a tremendous scope for synthesis and resistive switching characterization of spin coated pure and doped zinc ferrite. Proper doping of special element into spinel ferrite can enhance the resistive switching performance of RRAM devices. Insertion of nano structures and metal layers within switching layer uplifts the performance of spin coated spinel ferrite-based RRAM devices. Active layer in RRAM device synthesized by spin coating technique exhibited good resistive switching properties, namely retention of 10 3 to 10 5 s, endurance in the range of 10 2 to 22,500 cycles and memory window of 10 2 to 10 6 . This review article accounts for the optimized parameters obtained especially for the spinel ferrite-based active material synthesized by spin coating justifying the results with appropriate theory. A good co-relation between synthesis parameters and the RRAM functional parameter is separately discussed at the end of review article.

Zinc plant residue (ZPR) is a secondary material generated during hydrometallurgical zinc production that contains considerable contents of valuable elements such as Zn, Cu, Fe, Pb, Cd, Ag, In, Ga, Tl. Zinc, copper and accompanying elements in ZPR are in different minerals, mainly in the ferrites. A promising approach for recycling ZPR is the sulfating roasting using iron sulfates followed by water leaching. In this study, the composition of ZPR and the obtained products were thoroughly investigated by various methods including X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), chemical phase analysis and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The effect of temperature, amount of iron sulfates and roasting time on the conversion of valuable metals into a water-soluble form was thermodynamically and experimentally studied both using pure ferrites and ZPR. Based on the results of time-resolved XRD analysis and synchronous thermal analysis (STA), a mechanism of the sulfation roasting was elucidated. The rate-controlling step of zinc and copper sulfation process during the ZPR roasting was estimated. The sulfating roasting at 600 °C during 180 min with the optimal Fe2(SO4)3∙9H2O addition followed by water leaching enables to recover 99% Zn and 80.3% Cu, while Fe, Pb, Ag, In, Ga retained almost fully in the residue.

Ferrites, known for their unique magnetic, structural, and electrical properties, have garnered significant attention across various scientific and industrial domains. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of zinc doping on three prominent ferrite materials: MnFe 2 O 4 , CuFe 2 O 4 , and CaFe 2 O 4 . Zinc doping, as a strategic method for tailoring these properties, has emerged as a promising avenue for enhancing their functionality and versatility. In the introduction part to the significance of ferrites, their wide-ranging applications are discussed. This review provides a basic overview of the many synthesis methods, such as co-precipitation, sol–gel, hydrothermal, solid-state etc., and a detailed investigating some nano ferrites. It then delves into the distinct characteristics of each ferrite, highlighting their magnetic behaviors, structural features, and electrical properties. The different methods to study the structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties are also discussed. The effects of zinc doping on MnFe 2 O 4 , CuFe 2 O 4 , and CaFe 2 O 4 ferrites are discussed comprehensively. This study extensively concentrates on recent industrial applications like photoluminescence, biomedical, and sensors using spinel ferrites.

A bio approach (mediated by Agaricus bisporus) was attempted in the present study to synthesize ferrite nanoparticles MFe 2 O 4 (M = Zn, Cu and Co]. The synthesized ferrites nanoparticles were characterized in terms of variations in the crystallinity, dimension and sizes using standard techniques (XRD, FTIR, SEM-EDAX, Zeta potential and DLS). VSM analysis showed noticeable differences in the magnetic saturation values: zinc ferrite (12.5 emu/g); cobalt ferrite (27.5 emu/g) and copper ferrite (21.5 emu/g). In- vitro cytotoxic effect of the synthesised ferrite nanoparticles resulted in effective inhibition of colon cell line growth (SW620). The ferrite nanoparticles were also evaluated for their drug-release behaviour using doxorubicin (DOX). The results indicated that the maximum DOX delivery was 98.74% using zinc ferrite, 97.34% using cobalt ferrite and 99.52% using copper ferrite within 6 h using 10 mg of nanoparticles. From the hyperthermia results, a SAR of 337 W/g was noted using 10 mg of copper ferrite nanoparticles at an applied frequency of 335 kHz and magnetic field strength of 235 A/m.