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The Iraqi economy’s performance is impacted by the rivalry between public and private investment, which raises the country’s debt and reduces private investment, which in turn slows economic growth. As a result, the subject of crowding out is closely tied to both the public and private sectors and how they affect the country’s economy. To determine whether financial crowding out has occurred and whether there is a reciprocal relationship between government credit and private credit, this research focused on confirming the existence of financial crowding out through the levels of government credit and private credit in Iraq. Imbalances in the dynamic term of the agreement result in the long-term achievement of the difference, and the existence of integration implies the existence of a different economic connection. In both the short and long terms, there was a considerable inverse relationship between government credit and private credit, according to trends and conventional tests like the direction of the error limit mitigation (VECM) and (Wald). Due to the rise in government credit at the expense of private credit in the Iraqi economy, it produces outcomes that are comparable to those of a crowding-out model for financial credit.

We study events surrounding ChuoAoyama's failed audit of Kanebo, a large Japanese cosmetics company whose management engaged in a massive accounting fraud. ChuoAoyama was PwC's Japanese affiliate and one of Japan's largest audit firms. In May 2006, the Japanese Financial Services Agency (FSA) suspended ChuoAoyama for two months for its role in the Kanebo fraud. This unprecedented action followed a series of events that seriously damaged ChuoAoyama's reputation. We use these events to provide evidence on the importance of auditors' reputation for quality in a setting where litigation plays essentially no role. Around one quarter of ChuoAoyama's clients defected from the firm after its suspension, consistent with the importance of reputation. Larger firms and those with greater growth options were more likely to leave, also consistent with the reputation argument.

Can the economic legacy of highly skilled groups persist long after they were uprooted from their homelands? To answer this question, we study long-term sub-national development in Turkey after the mass expulsions of the Armenian and Greek communities of the Ottoman Empire in the early 20th century. Since these events led to an almost complete and permanent removal of both communities from Turkey within a short time period, they provide a unique quasi-natural experiment that rules out any direct minority influence on development in the post-expulsion period. By exploiting local variations in historical minority population shares and community buildings across modern districts and villages/neighborhoods within each district, we document a sizable Armenian and Greek legacy effect on contemporary measures of economic development. We argue that this persistent influence is grounded on the significant contribution of Armenian and Greek communities to human capital accumulation among Muslims. We show evidence that inter-group transfers of skills and knowledge were instrumental in this process, leading to greater human capital among Muslims in minority regions both in the past and today.

Ascaris suum is an important intestinal nematode causing economic losses in swine. Anthelminthic treatment is used to control A. suum infections and is part of normal production practices. Treatment with anthelminthic agents results in expulsion of adult worms from the intestinal tract and ends further contamination of the environment with eggs. The present study was conducted to determine the effects of drug treatment on the embryonation of A. suum eggs collected from worms obtained from pigs treated with 4 different commercially available anthelmintics. The effects of treatment with abamectin, doramectin, ivermectin, flubendazole, or no treatment on embryonation of A. suum eggs collected from female A. suum expelled in the feces was determined. The embryonation of eggs obtained from pigs treated with abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin was not significantly (P > 0.05) different from eggs from non-treated control pigs. In contrast, the embryonation of A. suum eggs collected from worms from pigs treated with flubendazole demonstrated inhibited development, and most eggs remained in the 1-cell stage (85.5%) and only 6.3% of eggs developed larvae. In another experiment, we examined the direct effects of doramectin and flubendazole added to solutions of A. suum eggs collected from non-treated control pigs. Egg cultures were exposed to direct in vitro treatment with 0.04-parts per million (ppm) doramectin or 1.0-ppm flubendazole for 24 hr (highest concentrations [Cmax] of drugs in serum) and then embryonation and infectivity for mice was determined. Treatment of eggs in vitro did not significantly effect (P > 0.05) larval development or oral infectivity for mice. Our study demonstrates that flubendazole fed to pigs results in inhibited embryonation of A. suum eggs. However, direct treatment of A. suum eggs in culture for 24 hr with flubendazole did not inhibit embryonation or oral infectivity of in vitro treated eggs. Anthelmintic treatment of pigs in vivo with abamectin, doramectin, and ivermectin had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on embryonation of A. suum eggs, and 24 hr treatment with doramectin in vitro had no direct effects (P > 0.05) on embryonation or oral infectivity of A. suum eggs.

Before the formation of the Federal Reserve, banking panics were routine events in the United States. During the most severe episodes, banks in cities across the country would often suspend or restrict the par convertibility of their demand deposit liabilities. In diagnosing the causes of the Great Depression, Friedman and Schwartz famously regard these local initiatives as a second best solution, which in the absence of an effective lender of last resort would have prevented the rash of bank failures during the early 1930s and their dire monetary and real impacts. Recent research in macroeconomics though has raised the possibility that banks’ suspension of payments might also have negative real effects albeit through changes in aggregate supply such as the financing of working capital. We would expect to observe these negative shocks during the pre-Fed era, because the decentralized, private interbank payments network was especially vulnerable to systemic disruptions such as suspensions by New York and other money center banks. Reports in national trade periodicals and local newspapers during suspension periods offer many accounts of factories closing because of the inability to obtain currency for weekly payrolls and “domestic exchange” to finance internal trade. We corroborate these observations with more systematic econometric evidence at the national and regional levels. Our results show that controlling for the overall contraction and bank failures, suspension periods were associated with a statistically significant and quantitatively large decline in real activity, on the order of 10–20 %.

In Israel's summer 2014 assault on Gaza, as many as 500,000 Palestinians were displaced from their homes and forced to live in schools, camps, and other makeshift shelters. At an international donor conference in Cairo on 12 Oct 2014, which pledged$5.4 billion to the reconstruction effort, $ 720 million was earmarked for the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA) home repairs and rental subsidies program. However, by Jan 2015 little of the pledged amount had been disbursed and UNRWA was forced to suspend its cash-assistance program. This came at a time when winter storms left Gaza's residents particularly vulnerable, with heavy rains and snowfall leading to evacuations, hospitalizations, and deaths, and making the need for repair funds especially urgent. Here, the suspension of cash assistance program in Gaza is detailed.

A subsequent complaint filed in June 2019 alleged that Longfin and its CEO perpetuated an accounting fraud by reporting fictitious revenue from round-trip commodity transactions between Longfin and related parties controlled by the company's CEO. [...]he did not adequately identify numerous red flags pointing to the risk of fraud, such as Longfin's limited operating history and lack of reliable documentation. [...]Golding did not sufficiently fulfill his responsibilities under AS 1220, Engagement Quality Review, the Commission said. [H]e did not adequately identify numerous red flags pointing to the risk of fraud, such as Longfln's limited operating history and lack of reliable documentation.

The sudden announcement of the suspension of the Governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) on the Feb 20, 2014 created mixed reactions among analysts and market participants in Nigeria and beyond. The objective of this study is to empirically establish the reaction of listed firms' stock prices to the announcement of the suspension of the Governor of the CBN. Using the standard event study methodology on a sample of 104 out of the 122 listed firms that traded on the floor of the NSE on the fateful day, the study sought to establish the significance of abnormal return and cumulative abnormal return on the announcement day, and fifteen trading days after the announcement became public. The study found the presence of statistically significant abnormal return and cumulative abnormal return of -0.06% and -5.95% on the announcement day. It also established the presence of statistically significant cumulative abnormal return of approximately -6.91% fifteen trading days after the announcement. The study concluded that the sudden announcement of the suspension of the Governor of the CBN gave rise to a negative market reaction by listed firms in Nigeria, and the negative trend persisted for the fifteen trading days after the announcement. It was recommended that subsequently, policy makers should as much as possible avoid sudden announcements of the suspension or removal of the Chief Executive Officers (CEOS) of public institutions that have close links with the stock market. Where the need for such action becomes inevitable, the announcement should be preceded by the release of information that willminimize asymmetry between policy makers and the stock market.