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Cytochrome P450 enzymes are a superfamily of enzymes responsible for the metabolism of a variety of medicines and xenobiotics. Among the Cytochrome P450 family, five isozymes that include 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 are most important for the metabolism of xenobiotics. Inhibition of any of these five CYP isozymes causes drug-drug interactions with high pharmacological and toxicological effects. So, the inhibition or non-inhibition prediction of these isozymes is of great importance. Many techniques based on machine learning and deep learning algorithms are currently being used to predict whether these isozymes will be inhibited or not. In this study, three different molecular or substructural properties that include Morgan, MACCS and Morgan (combined) and RDKit of the various molecules are used to train a distinct SVM model against each isozyme (1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4). On the independent dataset, Morgan fingerprints provided the best results, while MACCS and Morgan (combined) achieved comparable results in terms of balanced accuracy (BA), sensitivity (Sn), and Mathews correlation coefficient (MCC). For the Morgan fingerprints, balanced accuracies (BA), Mathews correlation coefficients (MCC), and sensitivities (Sn) against each CYPs isozyme, 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4 on an independent dataset ranged between 0.81 and 0.85, 0.61 and 0.70, 0.72 and 0.83, respectively. Similarly, on the independent dataset, MACCS and Morgan (combined) fingerprints achieved competitive results in terms of balanced accuracies (BA), Mathews correlation coefficients (MCC), and sensitivities (Sn) against each CYPs isozyme, 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4, which ranged between 0.79 and 0.85, 0.59 and 0.69, 0.69 and 0.82, respectively.

Detection and recognition of latent fingerprints play crucial roles in identification and security. However, the separation of sensor, memory, and processor in conventional ex-situ fingerprint recognition system seriously deteriorates the latency of decision-making and inevitably increases the overall computing power. In this work, a photoelectronic reservoir computing (RC) system, consisting of DUV photo-synapses and nonvolatile memristor array, is developed to detect and recognize the latent fingerprint with in-sensor and parallel in-memory computing. Through the Ga-rich design, we achieve amorphous GaO x (a-GaO x ) photo-synapses with an enhanced persistent photoconductivity (PPC) effect. The PPC effect, which induces nonlinearly tunable conductivity, renders the a-GaO x photo-synapses an ideal deep ultraviolet (DUV) photoelectronic reservoir, thus mapping the complex input vector into a dimensionality-reduced output vector. Connecting the reservoirs and a memristor array, we further construct an in-sensor RC system for latent fingerprint identification. The system maintains over 90% recognition accuracy for latent fingerprint within 15% stochastic noise level via the proposed dual-feature strategy. This work provides a subversive prototype system of DUV in-sensor RC for highly efficient recognition of latent fingerprints. The separation of sensor, memory, and processor in a recognition system deteriorates the latency of decision-making and increases the overall computing power. Here, Zhang et al. develop a photoelectronic reservoir computing system, consisting of DUV photo-synapses and a memristor array, to detect and recognize the latent fingerprint with in-sensor and parallel in-memory computing.

Carbon dots (CDs) are zero-dimensional carbon nanomaterials that have been subject of considerable interest due to their remarkable electronic and optical characteristics. Their adjustable properties have gathered attention in different fields, including biological sensing, drug delivery, photodynamic therapy, photocatalysis, solar cells, and latent fingerprint development. In forensic science, the frequently reported outstanding photoluminescence behavior and biocompatibility of CDs are particularly important. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review was to assess the reliability of the results presented in studies proposing CD-based solutions for latent fingerprint development. By standardizing procedures, forensic science guidelines are valuable references that provide a framework for comparing new development materials with established ones. These publications were used to generate key points that allowed for a more objective evaluation of the reviewed studies. Our analysis revealed that most of the studies were conducted under rather limited conditions, with significant potential for bias in the presentation and evaluation of the new results achieved by the new CD-based developmental materials. •Critical analysis of the strengths and weaknesses related to the development of fingermarks using carbon dots (CDs).•Research that presents CDs as an option for fingermark development fails to consider the recommendations of forensic science.•Significant room for bias and potential reliability issues in the application of CDs for fingermark development.

The problem of forgery detection has been well studied and the forged finger prints produces highly impacting results in the biometric based security systems. There are many algorithms discussed earlier to detect forged finger prints. However, they suffer to achieve higher performance in terms of security. In this paper, a region centric minutiae propagation measure (RCMPM) based approach. First, the finger print image is read and removes the noisy points by applying the multi level Gabor filters. The Gabor filter has been applied in multiple level which helps to remove the noise from finger print image. The enhanced image is converted into number of integral image. The integral images are generated by splitting the image into number of tiny images according to the size of window. From the integral image produced, the island, dot, enclosure, bifurcation features are extracted. Extracted features are framed as feature vector and used to estimate the RCMPM measure. Based on the RCMPM measure, the presence of forged finger print has been identified and the same has been used to identify the region which has been modified. The accuracy of forged print detection has been improved and reduces the false classification ratio.11111111111111111111The problem of forgery detection has been well studied and the forged finger prints produces highly impacting results in the biometric based security systems. There are many algorithms discussed earlier to detect forged finger prints. However, they suffer to achieve higher performance in terms of security. In this paper, a region centric minutiae propagation measure (RCMPM) based approach. First, the finger print image is read and removes the noisy points by applying the multi level Gabor filters. The Gabor filter has been applied in multiple level which helps to remove the noise from finger print image. The enhanced image is converted into number of integral image. The integral images are generated by splitting the image into number of tiny images according to the size of window. From the integral image produced, the island, dot, enclosure, bifurcation features are extracted. Extracted features are framed as feature vector and used to estimate the RCMPM measure. Based on the RCMPM measure, the presence of forged finger print has been identified and the same has been used to identify the region which has been modified. The accuracy of forged print detection has been improved and reduces the false classification ratio.The problem of forgery detection has been well studied and the forged finger prints produces highly impacting results in the biometric based security systems. There are many algorithms discussed earlier to detect forged finger prints. However, they suffer to achieve higher performance in terms of security. In this paper, a region centric minutiae propagation measure (RCMPM) based approach. First, the finger print image is read and removes the noisy points by applying the multi level Gabor filters. The Gabor filter has been applied in multiple level which helps to remove the noise from finger print image. The enhanced image is converted into number of integral image. The integral images are generated by splitting the image into number of tiny images according to the size of window. From the integral image produced, the island, dot, enclosure, bifurcation features are extracted. Extracted features are framed as feature vector and used to estimate the RCMPM measure. Based on the RCMPM measure, the presence of forged finger print has been identified and the same has been used to identify the region which has been modified. The accuracy of forged print detection has been improved and reduces the false classification ratio.The problem of forgery detection has been well studied and the forged finger prints produces highly impacting results in the biometric based security systems. There are many algorithms discussed earlier to detect forged finger prints. However, they suffer to achieve higher performance in terms of security. In this paper, a region centric minutiae propagation measure (RCMPM) based approach. First, the finger print image is read and removes the noisy points by applying the multi level Gabor filters. The Gabor filter has been applied in multiple level which helps to remove the noise from finger print image. The enhanced image is converted into number of integral image. The integral images are generated by splitting the image into number of tiny images according to the size of window. From the integral image produced, the island, dot, enclosure, bifurcation features are extracted. Extracted features are framed as feature vector and used to estimate the RCMPM measure. Based on the RCMPM measure, the presence of forged finger print has been identified and the same has been used to identify the region which has been modified. The accuracy of forged print detection has been improved and reduces the false classification ratio.

The Daubert case in Philadelphia in 1999 caused a debate about the scientificity of fingerprint evidence. Since then, the current fingerprint identification system has been constantly challenged and questioned. Quantitative identification technology based on the statistics of fingerprint minutiae has become a new research hot spot. In this paper, an automatic detection algorithm is designed to achieve automatic classification of fingerprint minutiae using the deep convolution neural network YOLOv5 model. Then the occurrence frequencies of minutiae are statistically evaluated in 619,297 fingerprint images. The results show that the frequency ranges (unit%) of six types of minutiae per finger are ridge endings [68.49, 70.81], bifurcations [26.37, 27.26], independent ridges [1.533, 1.626], spurs [1.129, 1.198], lakes [0.4588, 0.4963], crossovers [0.3034, 0.3256]. The results also show that there are differences in the distribution frequency of the six types of minutiae in the ten finger positions ( thumb, middle, ring, index and little finger of the left and right hand) and in the four finger patterns ( arch, left loop, right loop and whorl). From the quantitative point of view of fingerprint identification, this paper calculates the number and frequency ranges of six types of minutiae, distinguishes the evaluation value of each type of minutiae, and provides the basic data support for establishing a probability model of fingerprint identification in the future. •An automatic detection algorithm YOLOv5s_FI is designed to achieve automatic classification of six types of minutiae.•Six types of minutiae dataset is established from the perspective of fingerprint identification and quantification.•The number of minutiae are statistically evaluated in 619,297 fingerprint images.•The occurrence frequencies of six types of minutiae in the ten finger positions and four finger patterns.