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Although the idea of communication between devices is not new, its developmenthas been rapid and significant since it helps people do their jobs more efficiently and keeps them fully informed of events at their homes and workplaces thanks to technology like the Blockchain (BC) based Internet of Things (IoT). However, this new technology suers from security issues and the existing research has not addressed these issues in depth. In this paper, a simulation of the smart network of the firefighting station was made. BC technology was used with one of the consensus algorithms which was proof of authority (PoA) to make this network more secure and private, in addition to the use of a hash function such as secure hash algorithm 384 (SHA-384), which is a one-way encryption function and was used to verify the BC data integrity so that it was dicult to hack the data and thus be the data transmission process is more secure. Also, the Espressif 32 (ESP32) device was chosen for this project because it oers several useful characteristics, including Wi-Fi and the capacity for rapid data transmission. It was observed from the results obtained from the application of consensus algorithms that the firefighting station network was made more secure and the PoA algorithm was better in several aspects such as execution time (maximum 0.4 S) and memory used (maximum 610 KB). Finally, the proposed work that was applied to the firefighting station was good in terms of safety and privacy, as the work of this station became more efficient.

To reduce the danger for firefighters and ensure the safety of firefighters as much as possible, based on the back propagation neural network (BPNN) the fire sensor multi-sensor information fusion detection system is investigated. According to previous studies, the information sources and information processing methods for the design of this study are first explained. Then, the basic structure and flowchart of the research object in this study are designed. Based on the structure diagram and flowchart, the BPNN is selected to fuse the feature layers in this study, and the fuzzy control is selected to fuse the decision layers in this study. The multi-sensor information fusion detection system collects information for the sensors first, processes the collected information, and sends it to the processor of the robot. The processor analyzes and processes the received signal, and transmits the obtained information to the control terminal through the wireless communication system. Through the tests in this study, it is found that when the number of hidden layer nodes of the BPNN is 7, the optimal training result is obtained. On this basis, the test of BPNN in this study is performed. The test results show that after 127 iterations, the error of the BPNN reaches the lowest target value, indicating that the BPNN achieves an excellent level of accuracy. The trained BPNN has a running time of 0.0276 s and a mean square error of 0.0013. The smaller the mean square error value is, the higher the accuracy of the BPNN is, which shows that the BPNN meets the high precision requirements of this study. The research on the multi-sensor information fusion detection system of fire robots in this study can provide theoretical support for the research on forest fire detection in China. Since the proposed BPNN-based robot is applied to the inspection and processing of forest remaining fire, the results are applicable to the forests of various countries, with a wide range of applications.

Despite the risks at university laboratories, university students are still marginalized from safety management in university laboratories. In addition, the existing studies related to the fire safety knowledge of university laboratories, do not consider the fire safety knowledge of university students with respect to firefighting equipment and the increasing number of foreign university students. To overcome this gap, we conducted a survey on 273 foreign and 144 local students and identified the differences in fire safety knowledge and those in comprehension and response related to firefighting equipment among the participants through statistical analysis. The results of the survey, where respondents were classified into four groups by gender and nationality, found significant differences in fire safety knowledge between gender and nationality. All the groups had difficulty in directly extinguishing a fire using fire extinguishing equipment. The results of this study, that is, those pertaining to the differences in fire safety knowledge depending on the gender and nationality of students and types of firefighting systems are expected to be used as basic data to establish safety education and management plans in the future.

Fires pose an enormous threat to human safety and many spectacular fires in under-construction buildings were reported over the past few years. Many construction sites only rely on fire extinguishers, as under-construction buildings do not contain a permanent fire protection system. Traditional safety planning lacks a justified approach for the firefighting equipment installation planning in the construction job site. Even though many government agencies made safety regulations for firefighting equipment installations, it is still a challenge to translate and execute these rules at the job site. Currently, the construction industry is devoted to discovering all the possible applications of Building Information Modelling (BIM) technology in the entire phases of the project life cycle. BIM technology enables the presentation of facilities in 3-D and offers rule-based modeling through visual programming tools. Therefore, this paper focuses on a visual language approach for rule translation and a multi-agent-based construction fire safety planning simulation in BIM. The proposed approach includes three core modules, namely: (a) Rule Extraction and Logic Development (RELD) Module, (b) Design for Construction Fire Safety (DCFS) Module, and (c) Con-fire Safety Plan Simulation (CSPS) Module. In addition, the DCFS module further includes three submodules, named as (1) Firefighting Equipment Installation (FEI) Module, (2) Bill of Quantities (BoQs) for firefighting Equipment (BFE) Module, and (3) Escape Route Plan (ERP) Module. The RELD module converts the OSHA fire safety rule into mathematical logic, and the DCFS module presents the development of the Con-fire Safety Planning approach by translating the rules from mathematical logic into computer-readable language. The three sub-modules of the DCFS module visualize the outputs of this research work. The CSPS module uses a multi-agent simulation to verify the safety rule compliance of the portable firefighting equipment installation plan the system in a BIM environment. A sample project case study has been implemented to validate the proof of concept. It is anticipated that the proposed approach has the potential to helps the designers through its effectiveness and convenience while it could be helpful in the field for practical use.

The offshore plant, due to its characteristics, is subject to many restrictions on the material and design of the pipes. Because the design of the firefighting piping depends on the pre-set fire protection design, it is possible to reduce the cost of the piping design by optimizing the arrangement of the firefighting equipment. Existing studies have low accuracy in obtaining service areas under these conditions. In addition, the arrangement optimization problem is generally modeled as a set cover problem (SCP). However, except for the traditional greedy approximation, this problem is not well researched for general solutions. In this paper, first, a modified iterative-deepening search (MIDS), which accurately obtains a service area according to the travel distance in the grid space, is proposed before optimization. Additionally, this paper seeks to define a set cover problem by combining the subsets obtained by MIDS. Second, by using the traditional greedy algorithm, we obtained the initial arrangement of the firefighting equipment. Then, we proposed a method to obtain an approximate optimization solution using a modified greedy method including rearrangement. The validity of the proposed coverage area acquisition and arrangement optimization method is verified by comparing the performance with other algorithms. Finally, this study was applied to the drawings of an actual offshore platform.

As an emerging energy-efficient ventilation system, a high-volume, low-speed (HVLS) fan system is considered an effective means of cutting down energy consumption and building operation cost. This study adopts an engineered performance-based approach with the aid of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling tool to evaluate the potential fire hazard posed by this innovative technology. A systematic study is performed to find what types of fire hazards can be caused by a HVLS fan system and how such a fan system may adversely affect the functionality of fire detection systems and smoke spread at the early stage of a fire in a large space. It demonstrates that energy-saving HVLS fans may cause delay in fire detection and aggravate smoke spread and therefore expose occupants to a hazardous environment. It is expected that amendments in future editions of building codes and standards will address fire life safety risks posed by HVLS fan systems and provide regulations and guidelines for the design and installation of these systems.

THE RISK TO PUBLIC HEALTH The growing threat to public health from unsafe water cannot be understated. Whether contamination is from lead, bacteria, or chemicals, all piping systems can expose health risks. This document lays out the ASHRAE 188 compliance pathway for the design, construction, commissioning, management, and operation of all piped systems. North America's water delivery infrastructure requires significant improvements or needs to be updated. This critical need impacts all water sources, pipes, faucets, heating and cooling systems, and fire protection systems. Over the next decade, all building water systems will require an ASHRAE 188 Water Management Plan that includes mapping, auditing, monitoring, and remediation for regulatory and legislative compliance. To participate, personnel at all levels will need the appropriate training and administrative tools to initiate, implement, and validate the integrity of their piped systems. This discussion will help all stakeholders navigate the emerging language, including ASHRAE 12, emerging technologies, and published communication relevant to securing all water-based systems. Additionally, compliance initiatives for the healthcare industry will be introduced that will demonstrate verification techniques for proper documentation of methods.

U radu je opisan sistem za upravljanje i nadzor postrojenja za proizvodnju ekoloski cistog goriva biodizela, koje se dobija transformacijom biljnih ulja u metilestre masnih kiselina reakcijom transesterifikacije. Proces je automatizovan, cime se obezbeduje sinhronizovan rad uredaja i opreme, optimalna potrosnja energije, eliminise se uticaj subjektivnog faktora, povecava se efikasnost rada pogona i postize se dobar kvalitet proizvoda. Upravljacko--nadzorni sistem je zasnovan na PLC i SCADA konfiguraciji sa decentralizovanim distribuiranim upravljanjem tehnoloskim celinama - sastavnim delovima postrojenja. Upravljacke jedinice (lokalni PLC kontroleri u sprezi sa operatorskim panelima) smestene u ormarima duz pogona, vrse prikupljanje lokalnih digitalnih i analognih vrednosti procesnih velicina i prosleduju upravljacke signale izvrsnim organima. Odredena odstupanja regulisanih velicina od zadatih vrednosti izazivaju oglasavanje alarma, koji se u vidu svetlosnih i zvucnih upozorenja javljaju na lokalnim panelima i monitoru u dispecerskom centru (DC). Uz to ispisuje se poruka o uzroku, mestu i vremenu nastajanja poremecaja, pri cemu se zahteva od operatera da potvrdi alarm. Ove informacije olaksavaju rad sluzbi odrzavanja. Vizuelna interpretacija sastavnih celina pogona, tabelarni i graficki prikazi karakteristicnih velicina preko dinamickih ekrana omogucavaju operateru uvid u stanje procesa proizvodnje. Sistem vrsi arhiviranje relevantnih podataka, prati istorijat proizvodnog procesa, i generise dnevne i periodicne izvestaje. Kljucne reci: nadzor; upravljanje; sirovo ulje; transesterifikacija. This paper describes a system for control and monitoring of plants for production of ecologically pure fuel biodiesel, which is obtained by transforming vegetable oils into fatty acid methyl esters by the reaction of transesterification. The automation provides synchronized operation of installed devices and equipment, protection and blockage of devices in the cases of irregularities, optimum energy consumption, elimination of subjective factor influences, increased efficiency of the plant and achievement of required product quality. It also enables prediction and diagnosis of faults, prevention of the occurrence of anomalies and ensures quality system maintenance and continual production. The supervisory control system is based on PLC and SCADA configuration with decentralized and distributed control of the component parts of the plant. All technical units are monitored (transformer station, diesel generator, storages with decanters of crude vegetable oil, methanol, glycerol, acids, additives and the final products - biodiesel, energy supply unit with a nitrogen station and a compressor plant, production process, as well as the fire protection system). Control units (local PLCs in feedback with operator panels), which are located in cabinets along the drives, collect local digital and analog values of process variables and forward control signals to the actuators. Certain deviations of the regulated values from the setup values cause the alarm set off in the form of light and sound warnings on local panels and the monitor at the dispatch center, with the message relating to the cause, location and time of the disturbance and requiring from the operator to confirm the notice of the alarm. Visual interpretation of the drive components, tabular and graphical representation of characteristic values on dynamic screens enables the operator to monitor the entire production process. Monitoring of the status of each component is also enabled at SCADA in the dispatch center. Control and supervision provide: measurement of process parameters and variables; receiving, processing and displaying the process measurements in the form of tables and trend graphs; visualization of drive status; chronology of events and analysis; monitoring and processing of warning and alarm signals; the possibility of local, remote automatic and remote manual control of individual objects, as well as generating and presenting daily and periodical reports. Keywords: supervision, control, crude oil, transesterification

This paper presents a model for heat and moisture transfer through firefighters’ protective clothing (FPC) during radiation exposure. The model, which accounts for air gaps in the FPC as well as heat transfer through human skin, investigates the effect of different initial moisture contents on the thermal insulation performance of FPC. Temperature, water vapor density, and the volume fraction of liquid water profiles were monitored during the simulation, and the heat quantity absorbed by water evaporation was calculated. Then the maximum durations of heat before the wearer acquires first- and second-degree burns were calculated based on the bioheat transfer equation and the Henriques equation. The results show that both the moisture weight in each layer and the total moisture weight increase linearly within a given environmental humidity level. The initial moisture content in FPC samples significantly influenced the maximum water vapor density. The first- and second-degree burn injury time increase 16 sec and 18 sec when the RH increases from 0% to 90%. The total quantity of heat accounted for by water evaporation was about 10% when the relative humidity (RH) is 80%. Finally, a linear relationship was identified between initial moisture content and the human skin burn injury time before suffering first- and second-degree burn injuries.