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Morphology-Engineered CeOsub.2 as a Synergistic Flame Retardant in Polypropylene/Intumescent Systems: Mechanisms and Performance Enhancement
This study systematically examines the effect of the morphology of cerium oxide (CeO[sub.2]) on the flame retardancy, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of polypropylene composites with intumescent flame retardant (PP/IFR). Layer-CeO[sub.2] (L-CeO[sub.2]) outperforms Particulate-CeO[sub.2] (P-CeO[sub.2]) in enhancing the flame retardancy of PP/IFR composites, showing higher limiting oxygen index (LOI) and greater reductions in the total heat release rate (THR) and total smoke production (TSR). The substitution of 1% IFR with 1% L-CeO[sub.2] significantly increased the LOI from 29.4% to 32.6%, while reducing the THR and TSR by 38.9% and 74.3%, respectively. L-CeO[sub.2] incorporation improves thermal stability, increasing the residual char yield to 8.53% at 800 °C under air (vs. 3.87% for PP/IFR). Additionally, L-CeO[sub.2] improved the mechanical properties of the composites, increasing tensile strength and rigidity. The synergistic flame-retardant mechanism is hypothesized to involve CeO[sub.2] catalyzing the formation of a P-O-C crosslinked network in the carbon layer, leading to a denser carbon structure and improved flame-retardant performance in the PP/IFR composites. These findings demonstrate the efficacy of L-CeO[sub.2] as a flame-retardant synergist, providing a foundation for developing fire-safe polymeric materials.
Journal Article
Efficient Adsorption Removal of Tetrabromobisphenol A from Water by Using a Magnetic Composite Fesub.3Osub.4/GO/ZIF-67
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is a kind of widely used brominated flame retardant (BFR), which is proven to be harmful to ecological systems and public health. It is very important to remove TBBPA from the environment. In our study, a magnetic composite named Fe[sub.3]O[sub.4]/GO/ZIF-67 was synthesized by a coprecipitation method and applied in the highly efficient adsorption of TBBPA from water. Static adsorption experiments demonstrated that the adsorption capacity could reach 232 mg·g[sup.−1] within 120 min, which is much higher than those reported in the other literature. The experimental results show that the adsorption of TBBPA on Fe[sub.3]O[sub.4]/GO/ZIF-67 followed Langmuir and pseudo-second-order kinetic adsorption models. The main mechanisms for these adsorptions were identified as hydrogen bonds between OH groups in TBBPA and COOHs of Fe[sub.3]O[sub.4]/GO/ZIF-67, and π-π stacking between Fe[sub.3]O[sub.4]/GO/ZIF-67 and TBBPA. This study provides a method with great promise for the design and synthesis of better adsorbents for the removal of TBBPA from the water environment.
Journal Article
Correction: Ye et al. Effect of Fiber Loading on Mechanical and Flame-Retardant Properties of Poplar-Fiber-Reinforced Gypsum Composites. Molecules 2024, 29, 2674
In the original publication [...]
Journal Article
IFlame Retardancy Index/I for Polymer Materials Ranking
In 2019, we introduced Flame Retardancy Index (FRI) as a universal dimensionless index for the classification of flame-retardant polymer materials (Polymers, 2019, 11(3), 407). FRI simply takes the peak of Heat Release Rate (pHRR), Total Heat Release (THR), and Time-To-Ignition (t[sub.i] ) from cone calorimetry data and quantifies the flame retardancy performance of polymer composites with respect to the blank polymer (the reference sample) on a logarithmic scale, as of Poor (FRI ˂ 10[sup.0] ), Good (10[sup.0] ≤ FRI ˂ 10[sup.1] ), or Excellent (FRI ≥ 10[sup.1] ). Although initially applied to categorize thermoplastic composites, the versatility of FRI was later verified upon analyzing several sets of data collected from investigations/reports on thermoset composites. Over four years from the time FRI was introduced, we have adequate proof of FRI reliability for polymer materials ranking in terms of flame retardancy performance. Since the mission of FRI was to roughly classify flame-retardant polymer materials, its simplicity of usage and fast performance quantification were highly valued. Herein, we answered the question “does inclusion of additional cone calorimetry parameters, e.g., the time to pHRR (t[sub.p] ), affect the predictability of FRI?”. In this regard, we defined new variants to evaluate classification capability and variation interval of FRI. We also defined the Flammability Index (FI) based on Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimetry (PCFC) data to invite specialists for analysis of the relationship between the FRI and FI, which may deepen our understanding of the flame retardancy mechanisms of the condensed and gas phases.
Journal Article
Recovery of Sb from Aqueous Solution as Cubic Sbsub.2Osub.3 by Fluidized-Bed Granulation Process
In order to recover the antimony from wastewater, a custom-designed fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) was employed to treat antimony-containing wastewater. By single-factor experiments, the effects of the solution pH, the molar ratio of [TA]/[Sb[sup.3+]], the seed size and dosage, the up-flow velocity (U), and the hydraulic retention time (HRT) on antimony recovery were investigated based on the antimony removal and granulation efficiency. The optimum conditions for antimony recovery were obtained at pH 9.0, the molar ratio of [TA]/[Sb[sup.3+]] of 2, 6 g/L of 13–38 μm Sb[sub.2]O[sub.3] as the fluidized seed, and the U and HRT of 42 m/h and 40 min, respectively; the antimony removal and granulation efficiency reached 95% and 91%, respectively. The granular products were analyzed by an X-ray polycrystalline diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as cubic Sb[sub.2]O[sub.3], widely used in various industries. The fluidized-bed reactor was operated continuously for 7 days, during which the antimony removal and granulation efficiency were stable at 96% and 93%, respectively. This study demonstrated the feasibility of the fluidized-bed granulation process for the recovery of antimony from wastewater. It provides a novel approach for retrieving and managing antimony-containing wastewater.
Journal Article
Self-Assembled Serpentine Nisub.3Sisub.2Osub.5sub.4 Hybrid Sheets with Ammonium Polyphosphate for Fire Safety Enhancement of Polylactide Composites
Biodegradable polylactide (PLA) has been widely utilized in people’s daily lives. In order to improve the fire safety of PLA, ammonium polyphosphate (APP) was self-assembled onto the surface of serpentine Ni[sub.3]Si[sub.2]O[sub.5](OH)[sub.4] through the electrostatic method, followed by mixing with PLA by melt compounding. The APP-modified serpentine (serpentine@APP) dispersed uniformly in the PLA matrix. Compared with pure PLA, the PLA composite with 2 wt% serpentine@APP reduced the peak heat release rate (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) by 43.9% and 16.3%, respectively. The combination of APP and serpentine exhibited suitable synergistic flame-retardant effects on the fire safety enhancement of PLA. In addition, the dynamical rheological tests revealed that the presence of APP and serpentine could reduce the viscosity of PLA composites. The plasticizing effects of APP and serpentine benefited the processing of PLA. The mechanical properties of PLA/serpentine@APP maintained suitable performance as pure PLA. This study provided a feasible way to enhance the fire safety of PLA without sacrificing its mechanical properties.
Journal Article
Growth, Oxidative Stress and Ability to Degrade Tetrabromobisphenol A of IPhanerochaete chrysosporium/I in the Presence of Different Nano Iron Oxides
In order to improve the performance of white rot fungi, especially the model species Phanerochaete chrysosporium in tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) degradation, the strategy of synergizing Phanerochaete chrysosporium with nano iron oxides was considered; however, the effects of different nano iron oxides on Phanerochaete chrysosporium are still unknown. In this study, 20 nm γ-Fe[sub.2]O[sub.3], 30 nm α-Fe[sub.2]O[sub.3], 20 nm Fe[sub.3]O[sub.4], and 200 nm Fe[sub.3]O[sub.4] were used, and the fungal growth, oxidative stress, and ability to degrade TBBPA were monitored. The results showed that the addition of four nano iron oxides did not inhibit the growth of Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The effective antioxidant defense system of Phanerochaete chrysosporium could cope with almost all oxidative pressure induced by 200 nm Fe[sub.3]O[sub.4]. But when the size of nano iron oxide became significantly smaller or when the type of iron oxide changed from Fe[sub.3]O[sub.4] to Fe[sub.2]O[sub.3], a higher intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H[sub.2]O[sub.2]) content, lower intracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activities and higher extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity were induced. When nano iron oxides synergized with Phanerochaete chrysosporium, the removal of TBBPA in all groups was slightly improved and mostly due to the degradation of TBBPA, with smaller iron oxides showing more enhancement for the degradation of TBBPA, while 200 nm Fe[sub.3]O[sub.4] only enhanced the adsorption of TBBPA. The enhanced degradation of TBBPA showed no significant correlation with lignin-degrading enzyme activities but was closely correlated with the intracellular H[sub.2]O[sub.2] concentration.
Journal Article
Improving the Thermal Behavior and Flame-Retardant Properties of Poly and Clay Nanofiller
The synthesis of MMT and poly(o-anisidine) (MMT/POA) clay nanocomposites was carried out by using the chemical oxidative polymerization of POA and MMT clay with POA, respectively. By maintaining the constant concentration of POA, different percentage loads of MMT clay were used to determine the effect of MMT clay on the properties of POA. The interaction between POA and MMT clay was investigated by FTIR spectroscopy, and, to reveal the complete compactness and homogeneous distribution of MMT clay in POA, were assessed by using scanning-electron-microscope (SEM) analysis. The UV–visible spectrum was studied for the optical and absorbance properties of MMT/POA ceramic nanocomposites. Furthermore, the horizontal burning test (HBT) demonstrated that clay nanofillers inhibit POA combustion.
Journal Article
Influence of aluminum trihydrate
Aluminum trihydrate (ATH) of different sizes is added to polypropylene (PP) to prepare a composite which will have both good fire-retardant and mechanical properties. PP/ATH (nano or micro) composites are more fire-resistant and having appreciable mechanical properties as compared to virgin PP. Addition of maleic anhydride-functionalized polypropylene (MAPP) to the composite to increase the compatibility between PP and ATH (nano or micro). The need for developing the mechanical properties of flame-retardant composites is discussed in this paper. The influence of concentration of ATH (nano or micro) in PP/ATH (nano or micro)/MAPP composites is presented. The mechanical, thermal, morphological and flame-retardant properties were studied and discussed. The tensile modulus, hardness and flame-retardant properties increase, while elongation at break and tensile strength decreases with the increase in ATH (nano or micro) content.
Journal Article