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"Fish as food"
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Producer perspectives on the constraints to aquaculture development in the US Great Lakes region
Despite significant federal interest and the vast resource potential of the region, the land-based food fish aquaculture industry remains relatively stagnant in the U.S. Great Lakes states. In this study, we use the Theory of Planned Behavior to explore the factors influencing aquaculture producers' intentions to expand or diversify their operations. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 34 food fish producers across the eight Great Lakes states. Our thematic analysis revealed that while most producers expressed positive intentions to grow, these intentions were often constrained by low perceived behavioral control. Major barriers included limited access to capital, regulatory complexity, inadequate institutional support, and challenges in public perception. Attitudes toward expansion were shaped by both mission-driven motivations, such as supporting local food systems, and pragmatic concerns about cost, risk, and labor. Subjective norms were overwhelmingly favorable, reflecting a strong sense of community and peer support within the industry. Past experiences with expansion further influenced current intentions, as well, reinforcing cautious, incremental growth strategies. These findings suggest that policy reforms and structural support, particularly in financing, regulation, and outreach, are critical to unlocking the growth potential of aquaculture in the Great Lakes region. By centering the voices of producers, this study provides actionable insight into the systemic barriers that must be addressed for meaningful industry advancement.
Journal Article
Fish : from the catch to your table
Discusses how fish is caught and processed before we eat it.
Book
Aquaculture: a newly emergent food production sector—and perspectives of its impacts on biodiversity and conservation
The fisheries sector in the course of the last three decades have been transformed from a developed country to a developing country dominance. Aquaculture, the farming of waters, though a millennia old tradition during this period has become a significant contributor to food fish production, currently accounting for nearly 50 % of global food fish consumption; in effect transforming our dependence from a hunted to a farmed supply as for all our staple food types. Aquaculture and indeed the fisheries sector as a whole is predominated in the developing countries, and accordingly the development strategies adopted by the sector are influenced by this. Aquaculture also being a newly emerged food production sector has being subjected to an increased level of public scrutiny, and one of the most contentious aspects has been its impacts on biodiversity. In this synthesis an attempt is made to assess the impacts of aquaculture on biodiversity. Instances of major impacts on biodiversity conservation arising from aquaculture, such as land use, effluent discharge, effects on wild populations, alien species among others are highlighted and critically examined. The influence of paradigm changes in development strategies and modern day market forces have begun to impact on aquaculture developments. Consequently, improvements in practices and adoption of more environmentally friendly approaches that have a decreasing negative influence on biodiversity conservation are highlighted. An attempt is also made to demonstrate direct and or indirect benefits of aquaculture, such as through being a substitute to meet human needs for food, particularly over-exploited and vulnerable fish stocks, and for other purposes (e.g. medicinal ingredients), on biodiversity conservation, often a neglected entity.
Journal Article
Species Variations in the Proximate Composition, Amino Acid Profile, and Protein Quality of the Muscle Tissue of Grass Carp, Bighead Carp, Siberian Sturgeon, and Wels Catfish
This study determined the proximate composition, energy value, amino acid profile, and protein quality of the muscle tissue of four food fish species. The fish analyzed contained 78.90–69.89% water, 18.25–15.69% protein, and 2.28–12.57% fat. The energy value of the muscle tissue ranged from 93.50 to 175.83 kcal/100 g. The contents of amino acids in 100 g of protein were 47.64–45.86 g for total essential amino acids (TEAA), 52.36–54.14 g for total neutral amino acids (TNAA), 3.14–2.25 g for total sulphur amino acids (TSAA), and 7.23–7.81 g for total aromatic amino acids (TArAA). The essential amino acid (EAA) composition of the fish was compared with the standard protein, and Chemical Score (CS), Protein Digestibility-Corrected Amino Acid Score (PDCAAS), and Essential Amino Acid Index (EAAI) were calculated. The quality of the muscle tissue proteins of all four fish species was high. These fish can constitute a healthy addition to the human diet.
Journal Article
Correction: The effect of exposure to farmed salmon on piscine orthoreovirus infection and fitness in wild Pacific salmon in British Columbia, Canada
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0188793.].
Journal Article
Discrimination between freshwater and marine fish using fatty acids: ecological implications and future perspectives
Fatty acids (FA) are a major source of nutrients and energy in aquatic food webs, as well as serving as the main components of all cell membranes. Increasing anthropogenic impacts (e.g., climate change) are predicted to selectively alter the production of these critical compounds, with potential cascading effects reaching higher trophic level organisms, including humans. To provide a more comprehensive assessment of these potential effects, we synthesized and systematically explored differences in the abundance and distribution of FA in fish, due to their pivotal role in aquatic ecosystems and value to humans. An extensive data set consisting of 1382 fish FA profiles was analyzed to identify the main differences in FA composition of freshwater vs. marine fish, taking into account the effects of taxonomic, geographic (i.e., latitude zone), and functional (i.e., feeding mode) factors. Freshwater fish had relatively high contents of 18:2n-6 (linoleic acid, LNA) and 20:4n-6 (arachidonic acid, ARA) indicative of freshwater algae and terrestrial dietary sources. In contrast, 20:1n-9 and 22:1n-11, well known as marine zooplankton biomarkers, typified the FA composition of marine fish. Using this result, we constructed a new metric (i.e., a specific C18–C22 unsaturated FA ratio) that we propose can assist in characterizing the feeding habitat (freshwater vs. marine) and, to some extent, the diet of fish. Our analysis also revealed that carnivores from high latitudes had higher contents of 20:5n-3 (eicosapentaenoic acid, EPA) and 22:6n-3 (docosahexaenoic acid, DHA), thus making them an excellent source of essential FA for human consumption. In parallel, unsaturated FA contents were higher overall at temperate and polar latitudes than in the tropics. The latter two trends may be driven by water temperature variation across latitudes, which is known to affect FA composition of cell membranes in ectotherms. Last, a strong retention of DHA was observed in both freshwater and marine fish. We conclude that our discrimination between freshwater and marine fish provides a quantitative tool that is applicable to a broad range of research and conservation initiatives.
Journal Article
An approach to optimizing dietary protein to growth and body composition in walking catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linneaeus, 1758)
Clarias batrachus is a commercially important food fish. In the present study, effect of varying dietary protein levels was evaluated on the survival, growth parameters and proximate composition of C . batrachus . Diets comprising 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, and 50% crude protein (CP) were supplied to fish in T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, and T6, respectively, at the rate of 5% of fish body weight for the entire 90 days, twice daily. Size of each stocked C . batrachus was recorded after 15 days. Results revealed 100% survival rate of C . batrachus in all treatments. Significantly highest (P<0.001) mean value of weight gain (g/fish), percent weight gain, daily growth rate, specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio (PER) in C . batrachus were recorded, reared in T4 by feeding 40% CP in diet. The best FCR value (1.90±0.02) for C . batrachus was obtained in T4 by feeding 40%CP in diet. Mean value of water, ash, fat and protein contents (wet mass) were ranged 74.10–79.23%, 3.12–4.68%, 3.90–4.43% and 13.09–16.79% for C . batrachus in the studied treatment groups. Water content (%) was found significantly (P<0.05) higher in the body of C . batrachus for T1, T2, T3 and T6 than for T4 and T5. Ash was found significantly (P<0.05) higher in the fish reared in T4 and T5. Fat content in the wet body mass of C . batrachus was found significantly higher in T4 and T1. While, significant higher (P<0.05) values of mean protein content was noted in C . batrachus reared in T4 and T5. Body composition of C . batrachus was also categorically affected by body size, however, condition factor showed non-significant correlation in most of the relationships in the present study. Overall, results indicated that feeding appropriate diet (containing 40% CP) to the fish resulted good growth performance, lower FCR and higher protein content in the fish. Present study provides valuable knowledge of optimal dietary protein level in C . batrachus which will help in commercial success of aquaculture.
Journal Article
Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Microplastics in the Surface Waters and Freshwater Fish from Four Important Lakes in Pune, India
Freshwater ecosystems, especially lakes, constitute vital reservoirs of potable water, irrigation resources, and aquaculture habitats. However, there is a lack of comprehensive data regarding the prevalence of microplastics (MPs) in freshwater lakes of densely populated metropolitan regions in the Indian Subcontinent. In this study, we have investigated the qualitative and quantitative attributes of MPs in the surface waters of four important lakes in Pune, India: (i) Kasarsai, (ii) Pashan, (iii) Manas, and (iv) Mastani. Our analyses revealed prevalent contamination across all four lakes, with Kasarsai lake exhibiting the highest mean MPs abundance of 14.03 ± 5.41 particles/L. Primary morphotype of MPs detected in the water samples were fibres and the dominant size was between 100 µm to 1000 µm. Additionally, in terms of colour, transparent microplastics were prominent. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were the main types of MPs present in water samples. Furthermore, we assessed the abundance of MPs ingested by commercially available edible fish Tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, collected from these lakes. We observed maximum ingestion of MPs in the fish from Kasarsai lake, which was 2.8 ± 2.9 particles per individual fish. To evaluate the possible health risks on humans, Estimated Daily intake (EDI) and Microplastics Cancer Risk (MPCR) index were determined for adults and children. EDI of PP was highest for Kasarsai and Manas lake, while, EDI of PE was predominant for Pashan and Mastani lake. For all four lakes, the MPCR index of PE was highest in both adults and children, with the maximum reaching to 0.52 for children consuming water from Pashan lake. Our findings raise concerns about the potential negative effects of MPs on freshwater ecosystem and the health of humans consuming the water and fish from such lakes. An ambitious strategy involving the collective efforts of the general public is required to address this hazard.
Journal Article