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This article presents the first assessment of how the five-factor model of personality and political ideology are associated across the world. Personality traits become more and more important in the study of political behavior. And the relationship with ideology virtually parallels the history of this line of research. Yet, many existing studies are limited to single, highly developed countries and mostly draw on nonrandom or nonrepresentative samples. Our study, in contrasts, makes use of the most recent wave of the World Value Survey and analyzes the relationship comparatively in 21 countries from all continents. Results corroborate the most prominent findings about personality and ideology. However, effects of personality traits cannot be generalized easily across the world as effects vary considerably from country to country. Therefore, we additionally analyze specific preferences concerning social and economic policies on the one side. On the other, we theorize as well as model the moderating role of the country context by introducing cross-level interaction effects.

Based on the five-factor model (FFM), the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory (FFNI; 148-item; Glover et al., 2012), along with a short form (FFNI-SF; 60-item; Sherman et al., 2015), is a self-report questionnaire developed to assess both grandiose and vulnerable narcissism. Since no French version of this instrument, originally written in English, was yet available, this study proposed a French adaptation of the FFNI-SF (FFNI-SF-F) and aimed to verify its psychometric statistics with a French-speaking sample. Reliability analyses were conducted, as well as exploratory structural equation modelling, regression and correlational analyses including FFM measures and other relevant measures of narcissism to assess the instrument's validity. A total of 259 adults, aged 18-81 (M = 33.90, SD = 16.16), participated in the study. Reliability analyses revealed good coefficients. The results also supported the validity of the previously derived three-factor model (Antagonism, Agentic Extraversion, and Narcissistic Neuroticism) as the latent structure of the instrument. Correlations with FFM theoretical factors and with other measures of narcissism were consistent with the instrument conceptualization. Moreover, incremental validity analyses showed that FFNI-SF-F explained additional variance in narcissism scores beyond that explained by normal personality measure. In conclusion, although the results need to be replicated with other samples, the evidence reported here points to the reliability and validity of the FFNI-SF-F as a French adaptation of the original FFNI-SF of Sherman et al. (2015). Basé sur le modèle à cinq facteurs (Five-Factor Model [FFM]), l'inventaire du narcissisme à cinq facteurs (Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory [FFNI]; 148 items; Glover et al., 2012), ainsi qu'une forme brève (FFNI-SF; 60 items; Sherman et al., 2015), est un questionnaire auto-révélé élaboré pour évaluer à la fois le narcissisme grandiose et le narcissisme vulnérable. Comme aucune version française de cet instrument, initialement rédigé en anglais, n'était encore disponible, cette étude a proposé une adaptation française du FFNI-SF (FFNI-SF-F) et visait à vérifier ses statistiques psychométriques auprès d'un échantillon francophone. Des analyses de fiabilité ont été réalisées, ainsi que des modélisations d'équations structurelles exploratoires, des analyses de régression et de corrélation incluant les mesures du FFM et d'autres mesures pertinentes du narcissisme afin d'évaluer la validité de l'instrument. Au total, 259 adultes, âgés de 18 à 81 ans (M = 33,90, écart-type = 16,16), ont participé à l'étude. Les analyses de fiabilité ont révélé de bons coefficients. Les résultats ont également soutenu la validité du modèle à trois facteurs (antagonisme, extraversion agentique et neuroticisme narcissique) préalablement obtenu en tant que structure latente de l'instrument. Les corrélations avec les facteurs théoriques du FFM et avec les autres mesures du narcissisme étaient cohérentes avec la conceptualisation de l'instrument. De plus, les analyses de validité incrémentale ont montré que le FFNI-SF-F expliquait une variance supplémentaire dans les scores de narcissisme au-delà de celle expliquée par la mesure normale de la personnalité. En conclusion, bien que les résultats doivent être reproduits avec d'autres échantillons, les indices présentés ici soutiennent la fiabilité et la validité du FFNI-SF-F en tant qu'adaptation française du FFNI-SF original de Sherman et al. (2015). Public Significance Statement The short form of the Five-Factor Narcissism Inventory, a measure of maladaptive narcissism, is not yet available in French. The aim of this study was to adapt the measure to French and to verify that it produces results similar to the original version and adaptations in other languages.

Taxonomic “personality” models are widely used in research and applied fields. This article applies the Transdisciplinary Philosophy-of-Science Paradigm for Research on Individuals (TPS-Paradigm) to scrutinise the three methodological steps that are required for developing comprehensive “personality” taxonomies: 1) the approaches used to select the phenomena and events to be studied, 2) the methods used to generate data about the selected phenomena and events and 3) the reduction principles used to extract the “most important” individual-specific variations for constructing “personality” taxonomies. Analyses of some currently popular taxonomies reveal frequent mismatches between the researchers’ explicit and implicit metatheories about “personality” and the abilities of previous methodologies to capture the particular kinds of phenomena toward which they are targeted. Serious deficiencies that preclude scientific quantifications are identified in standardised questionnaires, psychology’s established standard method of investigation. These mismatches and deficiencies derive from the lack of an explicit formulation and critical reflection on the philosophical and metatheoretical assumptions being made by scientists and from the established practice of radically matching the methodological tools to researchers’ preconceived ideas and to pre-existing statistical theories rather than to the particular phenomena and individuals under study. These findings raise serious doubts about the ability of previous taxonomies to appropriately and comprehensively reflect the phenomena towards which they are targeted and the structures of individual-specificity occurring in them. The article elaborates and illustrates with empirical examples methodological principles that allow researchers to appropriately meet the metatheoretical requirements and that are suitable for comprehensively exploring individuals’ “personality”.

As science seeks to make generalisations, a science of individual peculiarities encounters intricate challenges. This article explores these challenges by applying the Transdisciplinary Philosophy-of-Science Paradigm for Research on Individuals (TPS-Paradigm) and by exploring taxonomic “personality” research as an example. Analyses of researchers’ interpretations of the taxonomic “personality” models, constructs and data that have been generated in the field reveal widespread erroneous assumptions about the abilities of previous methodologies to appropriately represent individual-specificity in the targeted phenomena. These assumptions, rooted in everyday thinking, fail to consider that individual-specificity and others’ minds cannot be directly perceived, that abstract descriptions cannot serve as causal explanations, that between-individual structures cannot be isomorphic to within-individual structures, and that knowledge of compositional structures cannot explain the process structures of their functioning and development. These erroneous assumptions and serious methodological deficiencies in widely used standardised questionnaires have effectively prevented psychologists from establishing taxonomies that can comprehensively model individual-specificity in most of the kinds of phenomena explored as “personality”, especially in experiencing and behaviour and in individuals' functioning and development. Contrary to previous assumptions, it is not universal models but rather different kinds of taxonomic models that are required for each of the different kinds of phenomena, variations and structures that are commonly conceived of as “personality”. Consequently, to comprehensively explore individual-specificity, researchers have to apply a portfolio of complementary methodologies and develop different kinds of taxonomies, most of which have yet to be developed. Closing, the article derives some meta-desiderata for future research on individuals' “personality”.

In this study, we investigated the relationship between social media and users' personality factors. We used a questionnaire comprising the five-factor model of personality (McCrae & Costa, 1987), a life satisfaction scale (Diener, Emmons, Larsen, & Griffin, 1985) and a social media marketing activities scale (Kim & Ko, 2011) to collect data from 503 Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences students. The results show that 2 personality traits (namely, conscientiousness and openness to experience), 2 demographic attributes (namely, education and income level) and life satisfaction are significant predictors of social media use. The relationships with the other factors explored were not significant.

Understanding the adoption and use of technology is extremely important in the field of information systems. Not surprisingly, there are several conceptual models that attempt to explain how and why individuals use technology. Until recently, however, the role of personality in general, and the five-factor model (FFM) of personality in particular, had remained largely unexplored. Our study takes an interactional psychology perspective, linking components of the FFM to the use of technology within the conceptual framework of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). After empirically confirming previous research findings linking performance expectancy, effort expectancy, and social influence to technology use, we test direct relationships between FFM personality traits and technology use in the context of a web-based classroom technological system, utilizing measures of perceived and actual use of technology. Consistent with expectations, conscientiousness and neuroticism are associated with perceived and actual use of technology, with conscientiousness demonstrating a positive association with both perceived and actual use and neuroticism, a negative association. Extraversion was also significantly associated with actual use, although not in the positive direction expected. Further, the significant relationships between the personality traits and the actual use of technology were direct and not mediated by expressed intentions to use the system.

Psilocybin Therapy (PT) is being increasingly studied as a psychiatric intervention. Personality relates to mental health and can be used to probe the nature of PT's therapeutic action. In a phase 2, double-blind, randomized, active comparator controlled trial involving patients with moderate-to-severe major depressive disorder, we compared psilocybin with escitalopram, over a core 6-week trial period. Five-Factor model personality domains, Big Five Aspect Scale Openness aspects, Absorption, and Impulsivity were measured at Baseline, Week 6, and Month 6 follow-up. PT was associated with decreases in neuroticism ( = -0.63), introversion ( = -0.38), disagreeableness ( = -0.47), impulsivity ( = -0.40), and increases in absorption ( = 0.32), conscientiousness ( = 0.30), and openness ( = 0.23) at week 6, with neuroticism ( = -0.47) and disagreeableness ( = -0.41) remaining decreased at month 6. Escitalopram Treatment (ET) was associated with decreases in neuroticism ( = -0.38), disagreeableness ( = -0.26), impulsivity ( = -0.35), and increases in openness ( = 0.28) at week 6, with neuroticism ( = -0.46) remaining decreased at month 6. No significant between-condition differences were observed. Personality changes across both conditions were in a direction consistent with improved mental health. With the possible exception of trait absorption, there were no compelling between-condition differences warranting conclusions regarding a selective action of PT ( ET) on personality; however, post-ET changes in personality were significantly moderated by pre-trial positive expectancy for escitalopram, whereas expectancy did not moderate response to PT.

A growing number of studies have linked facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) with various antisocial or violent behavioral tendencies. However, those studies have predominantly been laboratory based and low powered. This work reexamined the links between fWHR and behavioral tendencies in a large sample of 137,163 participants. Behavioral tendencies were measured using 55 well-established psychometric scales, including self-report scales measuring intelligence, domains and facets of the five-factor model of personality, impulsiveness, sense of fairness, sensational interests, self-monitoring, impression management, and satisfaction with life. The findings revealed that fWHR is not substantially linked with any of these self-reported measures of behavioral tendencies, calling into question whether the links between fWHR and behavior generalize beyond the small samples and specific experimental settings that have been used in past fWHR research.

Heritable variance in psychological traits may reflect genetic and biological processes that are not necessarily specific to these particular traits but pertain to a broader range of phenotypes. We tested the possibility that the personality domains of the five-factor model and their 30 facets, as rated by people themselves and their knowledgeable informants, reflect polygenic influences that have been previously associated with educational attainment. In a sample of more than 3,000 adult Estonians, education polygenic scores (EPSs), which are interpretable as estimates of molecular-genetic propensity for education, were correlated with various personality traits, particularly from the neuroticism and openness domains. The correlations of personality traits with phenotypic educational attainment closely mirrored their correlations with EPS. Moreover, EPS predicted an aggregate personality trait tailored to capture the maximum amount of variance in educational attainment almost as strongly as it predicted the attainment itself. We discuss possible interpretations and implications of these findings.

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is heterogeneous and likely entails distinct phenotypes with varying etiologies. Identifying these subgroups may contribute to hypotheses about differential treatment responses. The present study aimed to discern subgroups among children with ASD and anxiety in context of the five-factor model of personality (FFM) and evaluate treatment response differences to two cognitive-behavioral therapy treatments. The present study is a secondary data analysis of children with ASD and anxiety ( N =202; ages 7–13; 20.8% female) in a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) randomized controlled trial (Wood et al., 2020). Subgroups were identified via latent profile analysis of parent-reported FFM data. Treatment groups included standard-of-practice CBT (CC), designed for children with anxiety, and adapted CBT (BIACA), designed for children with ASD and comorbid anxiety. Five subgroups with distinct profiles were extracted. Analysis of covariance revealed CBT response was contingent on subgroup membership. Two subgroups responded better to BIACA on the primary outcome measure and a third responded better to BIACA on a peer-social adaptation measure, while a fourth subgroup responded better to CC on a school-related adaptation measure. These findings suggest that the FFM may be useful in empirically identifying subgroups of children with ASD, which could inform intervention selection decisions for children with ASD and anxiety.