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"Flags Egypt"
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Evaluation of MODIS combined DT and DB AOD retrievals and their association with meteorological variables over Qena, Egypt
The purpose of this study is to validate the daily Terra-MODIS level 2 combined dark target (DT) and deep blue (DB) aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrievals with a spatial resolution of 10 km against the ground-based AERONET AOD data to be used in evaluating the air pollution and impact of meteorological variables over Qena, Egypt, in 2019. The regression analysis demonstrated an accepted agreement between the MODIS and AERONET AOD data with a correlation coefficient (
R
) of 0.7118 and 74.22% of the collocated points fall within the expected error (EE) limits. Quality flag filtering and spatial and temporal collocation were found to have a significant impact on the regression results. Quality flag filtering increased
R
by 0.2091 and % within EE by 17.97, spatial collocation increased
R
by 0.0143 and % within EE by 1.13, and temporal collocation increased
R
by 0.0089 and % within EE by 4.43. By validating the MODIS AOD data seasonally and analyzing the temporal distribution of the seasonal AOD data to show the retrieval accuracy variations between seasons, it was found that the MODIS AOD observations overestimated the AERONET AOD values in all seasons, and this may be because of underestimating the surface reflectance. Perhaps the main reason for the highest overestimation in summer and autumn is the transportation of aerosols from other regions, which changes the aerosol model in Qena, making accurate aerosol-type assumptions more difficult. Therefore, this study recommends necessary improvements regarding the aerosol model selection and the surface reflectance calculations. Temperature and relative humidity were found to have a strong negative relationship with a correlation of − 0.735, and both have a moderate association with AOD with a correlation of 0.451 and − 0.356, respectively. Because Qena is not a rainy city, precipitation was found to have no correlation with the other variables.
Journal Article
Girlhood Reimagined
I examine how Malaka Gharib's I Was Their American Dream and It Won't Always Be Like This frame, embody, and reimagine girlhood through a multicultural transnational lens. Born in California, Gharib grew up with Filipino and Egyptian heritage. Taking advantage of the formal properties of comics, her work situates her memories and experiences at the intersection of ethnicity, gender, and transnational encounters. I interrogate how these books visualize the connection between girlhood and mixed heritage through the artist-narrator's interactions with and observation of her Filipino mother and relatives in the United States and her father, stepmother, half-siblings, and neighbors in Egypt. I also examine how the multimodality of comics draws on tropes of girlhood to enable representation through the depiction and layering of different selves.
Journal Article
Arab Behaviour Towards Israel: Strategic Avoidance or Exploiting Opportunities?
Scholars often observe that the foreign policies of states are not made in a vacuum but rather are determined or moulded to a significant degree by the external and internal actions of rivals. Domestic unrest is often considered a potential impetus for changing strategic behaviour. Leaders may be tempted to employ force externally to divert attention away from domestic unrest. The intended result is a ‘rally round the flag’ effect that culminates in higher approval/support for the executive as citizens forget about domestic problems and pay attention to a common adversary. One implication of this sort of ‘diversion’ is that potential scapegoats might employ strategic behaviour to avoid becoming a diversionary target. In other words, when they witness domestic unrest in a rival state, they worry that the rival may lash out at them and thus engage in ‘strategic avoidance’. Conversely, strategic behaviour may lead to a greater chance that the potential ‘diverter’ will itself be targeted for hostile behaviour. Erstwhile scapegoats may view periods of social unrest such as elections, domestic political protests or unstable cabinet structures in the other country as convenient and favourable times to escalate hostility. Such situations are viewed as opportunities that are ripe for exploitation. Alastair Smith's work has been extended to both the US case and a comparative cross-national study. Our purpose here is to extend this line of inquiry by looking at a region of the world locked in a long-term hostile relationship; namely, the Middle East. Our approach builds upon previous research that addresses the strategic interaction of enduring rivals.
Journal Article
Ottoman Symbolism in British-Occupied Egypt, 1882-1909
Political reality is created largely through symbolic means. The article deals with the symbolism involved in the office of the Ottoman Commissioner in British-occupied Egypt. This symbolism can be read in the heated correspondence that ran between Cairo and Istanbul in 1909 following the Egyptian government's intention to move the premises of the Ottoman Commissioner in Cairo from the Ismailiyya Palace in the city centre to a much humbler location on the city outskirts. It took all the manipulative power and indirectness of a symbolic act to challenge and finally eliminate the most powerful and otherwise irremovable symbol of Ottoman presence in British-occupied Egypt. This symbolic wrestling actually changed the political reality of Ottoman Egyptian relations.
Journal Article
