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"Fleece"
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Hacking fashion. Fleece
Turn old fleece into something new and exciting with Hacking Fashion: Fleece. Students learn the art of innovation through detailed explanations and hands-on activities built to foster creativity and problem solving.
Book
Quantifying shedding of synthetic fibers from textiles; a source of microplastics released into the environment
Microplastics in the environment are a subject of intense research as they pose a potential threat to marine organisms. Plastic fibers from textiles have been indicated as a major source of this type of contaminant, entering the oceans via wastewater and diverse non-point sources. Their presence is also documented in terrestrial samples. In this study, the amount of microfibers shedding from synthetic textiles was measured for three materials (acrylic, nylon, polyester), knit using different gauges and techniques. All textiles were found to shed, but polyester fleece fabrics shed the greatest amounts, averaging 7360 fibers/m
−2
/L
−1
in one wash, compared with polyester fabrics which shed 87 fibers/m
−2
/L
−1
. We found that loose textile constructions shed more, as did worn fabrics, and high twist yarns are to be preferred for shed reduction. Since fiber from clothing is a potentially important source of microplastics, we suggest that smarter textile construction, prewashing and vacuum exhaustion at production sites, and use of more efficient filters in household washing machines could help mitigate this problem.
Journal Article
Wild and wonderful fleece animals : with full-size patterns for 20 cuddly critters
These cuddly critters are perfect projects for first-time sewers. They're terrific projects for kids to sew too. The step-by-step instructions and illustrations are easy to follow, and each of the 20 animals has a full-size digital pattern (PDF) that appears on the enclosed CD-ROM. The patterns are designed to be printed on 11x17\" paper.
Book
Emissions of microplastic fibers from microfiber fleece during domestic washing
Microplastics are found in marine and freshwater environments; however, their specific sources are not yet well understood. Understanding sources will be of key importance in efforts to reduce emissions into the environment. We examined the emissions of microfibers from domestic washing of a new microfiber polyester fleece textile. Analyzing released fibers collected with a 200 μm filter during 10 mild, successive washing cycles showed that emission initially decreased and then stabilized at approx. 0.0012 wt%. This value is our estimation for the long-term release of fibers during each washing. Use of detergent and softener did not significantly influence emission. Release of fibers during tumble drying was approx. 3.5 times higher than during washing.
Journal Article
Polymorphism of growth hormone (GH) gene and its association with performance and body conformation of Harnali sheep
The present study was carried out to study the polymorphism in the GH gene and its association with various performance and body conformation traits, viz., birth weight (B-WT), weaning weight (W-WT), six-month body weight (6 M-WT), one-year body weight (Y-WT), annual greasy fleece weight (AGFW), body length (BL), body height (BH), heart girth (HG) and paunch girth (PG) in 138 Harnali sheep. PCR–RFLP was performed to identify polymorphism in the targeted region of the GH gene. The PCR product of 422 bp size of the GH gene was amplified encompassing partial exon 2 and inton 3 in Harnali sheep. The PCR product was digested with
HaeIII
restriction enzyme for the detection of Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The digested products revealed the presence of two genotypes, i.e. AA and AB in the studied population. A > G mutation (A781G) was observed in our resource population. The AA genotype was found to be the predominant genotype (0.62). Chi square value revealed that resource population was not under Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium with respect to target locus. Period of birth was found to have significant effect on W-WT, Y-WT, BL, BH and PG. Sex of animal was found to have significant (
P
< 0.05) effect on W-WT and highly significant (
P
< 0.01) effect on 6 M-WT, Y-WT and AGFW in Harnali sheep. The effect of genotype was found to be significant (
P
< 0.05) on annual greasy fleece weight. AB genotype was found to be associated with higher annual greasy fleece weight and can be used as a potential candidate marker in selection criteria for improving greasy fleece weight in Harnali sheep.
Journal Article
Quantification of different microplastic fibres discharged from textiles in machine wash and tumble drying
Microplastic fibres released in synthetic cloth washing have been shown to be a source of microplastics into the environment. The annual emission of polyester fibres from household washing machines has earlier been estimated to be 150,000 kg in a country with a population of 5.5 × 10
6
(Finland). The objectives of this study were (1) to quantify the emissions of synthetic textile fibres discharged from five sequential machine washes (fibre number and length) and tumble dryings (fibre mass) and (2) to determine the collection efficiency of two commercial fibre traps. The synthetic fabrics were five types of polyester textiles, one polyamide and one polyacryl. The number of fibres released from the test fabrics in the first wash varied in the range from 1.0 × 10
5
to 6.3 × 10
6
kg
−1
. The fibre lengths showed that the fleece fabrics released, on average, longer fibres than the technical sports t-shirts. The mass of fibres ranged from 10 to 1700 mg/kg w/w in the first drying. Fibre emissions showed a decreasing trend both in sequential washes and dryings. The ratio of the fibre emissions in machine wash to tumble drying varied between the fabrics: the ratio was larger than one to polyester and polyamide technical t-shirts whereas it was much lower to the other tested textiles. GuppyFriend washing bag and Cora Ball trapped 39% and 10% of the polyester fibres discharged in washings, respectively.
Journal Article
Genome-wide association study dissection of candidate genes for fleece traits in Inner Mongolia cashmere goats based on whole-genome resequencing data
Objective: Genome-wide association study (GWAS) and haplotype analysis were employed to identify molecular markers and candidate genes associated with fleece traits in Inner Mongolia cashmere goats (IMCGs).Methods: GWASs using whole-genome resequencing data together with phenotypic data from 2,299 IMCGs, applying four models: mixed linear model, multiple locus mixed linear model, fixed and random model circulating probability unification, and Bayesian-information and linkage-disequilibrium iteratively nested keyway. We focused on the GWAS signals to conduct gene annotation and performed functional enrichment analyses to explore the biological processes underlying these signals. Additionally, haplotypes were constructed for the significant loci, and haplotype-phenotype association analyses were performed to identify molecular markers and candidate genes associated with these fleece traits in IMCGs.Results: We identified 542 SNPs and 179 candidate genes linked to fleece traits through GWAS and gene annotation. Genes such as LAMA3, KCTD1, PTK7, FGFR3, LEF1, TAPT1, PTCH1, ELOVL6, and EVC have emerged as important candidates that may influence fleece traits. Furthermore, 11 haplotype blocks related to fleece traits were constructed, among which A1A1, C1C1, E2E2, F1F1, G1G1, H1H1 and K1K1 were identified as the superior haplotype combinations for fleece traits. These could serve as important molecular markers to improve the accuracy of early selection and the economic efficiency of breeding programs for fleece traits in IMCGs.Conclusion: This study successfully employed GWAS to identify key genetic loci significantly associated with the fleece traits of IMCGs. The genetic basis of these traits was revealed through additional gene annotation and haplotype analysis. The findings provide important theoretical and practical foundations for molecular breeding in IMCGs.
Journal Article
Genomic analysis of the domestication and post-Spanish conquest evolution of the llama and alpaca
Background
Despite their regional economic importance and being increasingly reared globally, the origins and evolution of the llama and alpaca remain poorly understood. Here we report reference genomes for the llama, and for the guanaco and vicuña (their putative wild progenitors), compare these with the published alpaca genome, and resequence seven individuals of all four species to better understand domestication and introgression between the llama and alpaca.
Results
Phylogenomic analysis confirms that the llama was domesticated from the guanaco and the alpaca from the vicuña. Introgression was much higher in the alpaca genome (36%) than the llama (5%) and could be dated close to the time of the Spanish conquest, approximately 500 years ago. Introgression patterns are at their most variable on the X-chromosome of the alpaca, featuring 53 genes known to have deleterious X-linked phenotypes in humans. Strong genome-wide introgression signatures include olfactory receptor complexes into both species, hypertension resistance into alpaca, and fleece/fiber traits into llama. Genomic signatures of domestication in the llama include male reproductive traits, while in alpaca feature fleece characteristics, olfaction-related and hypoxia adaptation traits. Expression analysis of the introgressed region that is syntenic to human HSA4q21, a gene cluster previously associated with hypertension in humans under hypoxic conditions, shows a previously undocumented role for PRDM8 downregulation as a potential transcriptional regulation mechanism, analogous to that previously reported at high altitude for hypoxia-inducible factor 1α.
Conclusions
The unprecedented introgression signatures within both domestic camelid genomes may reflect post-conquest changes in agriculture and the breakdown of traditional management practices.
Journal Article
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Accuracy of Genomic prediction for fleece traits in Inner Mongolia Cashmere goats
The fleece traits are important economic traits of goats. With the reduction of sequencing and genotyping cost and the improvement of related technologies, genomic selection for goats has become possible. The research collect pedigree, phenotype and genotype information of 2299 Inner Mongolia Cashmere goats (IMCGs) individuals. We estimate fixed effects, and compare the estimates of variance components, heritability and genomic predictive ability of fleece traits in IMCGs when using the pedigree based Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (ABLUP), Genomic BLUP (GBLUP) or single-step GBLUP (ssGBLUP). The fleece traits considered are cashmere production (CP), cashmere diameter (CD), cashmere length (CL) and fiber length (FL). It was found that year of production, sex, herd and individual ages had highly significant effects on the four fleece traits (
P
< 0.01). All of these factors should be considered when the genetic parameters of fleece traits in IMCGs are evaluated. The heritabilities of FL, CL, CP and CD with ABLUP, GBLUP and ssGBLUP methods were 0.26 ~ 0.31, 0.05 ~ 0.08, 0.15 ~ 0.20 and 0.22 ~ 0.28, respectively. Therefore, it can be inferred that the genetic progress of CL is relatively slow. The predictive ability of fleece traits in IMCGs with GBLUP (56.18% to 69.06%) and ssGBLUP methods (66.82% to 73.70%) was significantly higher than that of ABLUP (36.73% to 41.25%). For the ssGBLUP method is significantly (29% ~ 33%) higher than that with ABLUP, and which is slightly (4% ~ 14%) higher than that of GBLUP. The ssGBLUP will be as an superiors method for using genomic selection of fleece traits in Inner Mongolia Cashmere goats.
Journal Article
How Can We Assess Positive Welfare in Ruminants?
Until now, most research has focused on the development of indicators of negative welfare, and relatively few studies provide information on valid, reliable, and feasible indicators addressing positive aspects of animal welfare. However, a lack of suffering does not guarantee that animals are experiencing a positive welfare state. The aim of the present review is to identify promising valid and reliable animal-based indicators for the assessment of positive welfare that might be included in welfare assessment protocols for ruminants, and to discuss them in the light of the five domains model, highlighting possible gaps to be filled by future research. Based on the existing literature in the main databases, each indicator was evaluated in terms of its validity, reliability, and on-farm feasibility. Some valid indicators were identified, but a lot of the validity evidence is based on their absence when a negative situation is present; furthermore, only a few indicators are available in the domains of Nutrition and Health. Reliability has been seldom addressed. On-farm feasibility could be increased by developing specific sampling strategies and/or relying on the use of video- or automatic-recording devices. In conclusion, several indicators are potentially available (e.g., synchronisation of lying and feeding, coat or fleece condition, qualitative behaviour assessment), but further research is required.
Journal Article