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2023 test prep, Instructor pilot/CFI : study and prepare for your FOI, flight and ground instructor FAA knowledge exams
\"Rely on the time-proven and dependable ASA Instructor Pilot/CFI Test Prep to prepare for your FAA Knowledge Exam. Test material is expertly organized into chapters based on subject matter and includes introductory text and illustrations, questions, answer choices, answers, explanations (for correct and incorrect answers), and references for further study. This topical study promotes understanding and aids recall to provide an efficient study guide. The ASA Test Prep includes the figures, legends, and full-color charts from the Airman Knowledge Testing Supplement so you'll be familiar with the information you'll be issued at the test center.\" -- Publisher marketing.
Book
Higher Landing Accuracy in Expert Pilots is Associated with Lower Activity in the Caudate Nucleus
The most common lethal accidents in General Aviation are caused by improperly executed landing approaches in which a pilot descends below the minimum safe altitude without proper visual references. To understand how expertise might reduce such erroneous decision-making, we examined relevant neural processes in pilots performing a simulated landing approach inside a functional MRI scanner. Pilots (aged 20-66) were asked to \"fly\" a series of simulated \"cockpit view\" instrument landing scenarios in an MRI scanner. The scenarios were either high risk (heavy fog-legally unsafe to land) or low risk (medium fog-legally safe to land). Pilots with one of two levels of expertise participated: Moderate Expertise (Instrument Flight Rules pilots, n = 8) or High Expertise (Certified Instrument Flight Instructors or Air-Transport Pilots, n = 12). High Expertise pilots were more accurate than Moderate Expertise pilots in making a \"land\" versus \"do not land\" decision (CFII: d' = 3.62 ± 2.52; IFR: d' = 0.98 ± 1.04; p<.01). Brain activity in bilateral caudate nucleus was examined for main effects of expertise during a \"land\" versus \"do not land\" decision with the no-decision control condition modeled as baseline. In making landing decisions, High Expertise pilots showed lower activation in the bilateral caudate nucleus (0.97 ± 0.80) compared to Moderate Expertise pilots (1.91 ± 1.16) (p<.05). These findings provide evidence for increased \"neural efficiency\" in High Expertise pilots relative to Moderate Expertise pilots. During an instrument approach the pilot is engaged in detailed examination of flight instruments while monitoring certain visual references for making landing decisions. The caudate nucleus regulates saccade eye control of gaze, the brain area where the \"expertise\" effect was observed. These data provide evidence that performing \"real world\" aviation tasks in an fMRI provide objective data regarding the relative expertise of pilots and brain regions involved in it.
Journal Article
Research on Runway Capacity Evaluation of General Aviation Airport Based on Runway Expansion System
To enhance the operational management capabilities of general aviation airports, this paper proposes a method for evaluating the runway capacity of general aviation airports based on the runway expansion system. Firstly, it provides a brief introduction to the flight rules of general aviation airports and arrival and departure flight procedures with symmetrical characteristics, which serve as a theoretical basis for establishing the runway expansion system. Subsequently, a runway expansion system that covers symmetrical flight activities such as departure and arrival under a visual flight rule and an instrument flight rule is proposed, providing a conceptual model for evaluating the runway capacity of general aviation airports. On this foundation, the classical space–time analysis model is improved to establish a single runway arrival, departure, and mixed operation capacity evaluation model for general aviation airports. Finally, the reliability and rationality of this method are verified through case evaluations and three sets of numerical experiments with symmetrical relationships. The experiments demonstrate that this method can better reflect the actual conditions of the runways at general aviation airports while ensuring flight safety, and it can provide a reference for related research.
Journal Article
The Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) on RBSP
The Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) investigation on the NASA Radiation Belt Storm Probes (now named the Van Allen Probes) mission provides key wave and very low frequency magnetic field measurements to understand radiation belt acceleration, loss, and transport. The key science objectives and the contribution that EMFISIS makes to providing measurements as well as theory and modeling are described. The key components of the instruments suite, both electronics and sensors, including key functional parameters, calibration, and performance, demonstrate that EMFISIS provides the needed measurements for the science of the RBSP mission. The EMFISIS operational modes and data products, along with online availability and data tools provide the radiation belt science community with one the most complete sets of data ever collected.
Journal Article
NASA’S GENESIS AND RAPID INTENSIFICATION PROCESSES (GRIP) FIELD EXPERIMENT
In August–September 2010, NASA, NOAA, and the National Science Foundation (NSF) conducted separate but closely coordinated hurricane field campaigns, bringing to bear a combined seven aircraft with both new and mature observing technologies. NASA's Genesis and Rapid Intensification Processes (GRIP) experiment, the subject of this article, along with NOAA's Intensity Forecasting Experiment (IFEX) and NSF's Pre-Depression Investigation of Cloud-Systems in the Tropics (PREDICT) experiment, obtained unprecedented observations of the formation and intensification of tropical cyclones. The major goal of GRIP was to better understand the physical processes that control hurricane formation and intensity change, specifically the relative roles of environmental and inner-core processes. A key focus of GRIP was the application of new technologies to address this important scientific goal, including the first ever use of the unmanned Global Hawk aircraft for hurricane science operations. NASA and NOAA conducted coordinated flights to thoroughly sample the rapid intensification (RI) of Hurricanes Earl and Karl. The tri-agency aircraft teamed up to perform coordinated flights for the genesis of Hurricane Karl and Tropical Storm Matthew and the nonredevelopment of the remnants of Tropical Storm Gaston. The combined GRIP–IFEX–PREDICT datasets, along with remote sensing data from a variety of satellite platforms [Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES), Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM),Aqua, Terra, CloudSat, andCloud–Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations(CALIPSO)], will contribute to advancing understanding of hurricane formation and intensification. This article summarizes the GRIP experiment, the missions flown, and some preliminary findings.
Journal Article
Structural basis for CRISPR RNA-guided DNA recognition by Cascade
The CRISPR system is a prokaryotic immune system that depends on the Cascade protein complex and small guide RNAs (crRNAs). The Cascade complex, loaded with crRNA, is now characterized, the overall architecture of Cascade deduced, and the complex found to identify targets by formation of an R loop between the crRNA and dsDNA.
The CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) immune system in prokaryotes uses small guide RNAs to neutralize invading viruses and plasmids. In
Escherichia coli
, immunity depends on a ribonucleoprotein complex called Cascade. Here we present the composition and low-resolution structure of Cascade and show how it recognizes double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) targets in a sequence-specific manner. Cascade is a 405-kDa complex comprising five functionally essential CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins (CasA
1
B
2
C
6
D
1
E
1
) and a 61-nucleotide CRISPR RNA (crRNA) with 5′-hydroxyl and 2′,3′-cyclic phosphate termini. The crRNA guides Cascade to dsDNA target sequences by forming base pairs with the complementary DNA strand while displacing the noncomplementary strand to form an R-loop. Cascade recognizes target DNA without consuming ATP, which suggests that continuous invader DNA surveillance takes place without energy investment. The structure of Cascade shows an unusual seahorse shape that undergoes conformational changes when it binds target DNA.
Journal Article
Dynamic range of mass accuracy in LTQ orbitrap hybrid mass spectrometer
Using a novel orbitrap mass spectrometer, the authors investigate the dynamic range over which accurate masses can be determined (extent of mass accuracy) for short duration experiments typical for LC/MS. A linear ion trap is used to selectively fill an intermediate ion storage device (C-trap) with ions of interest, following which the ensemble of ions is injected into an orbitrap mass analyzer and analyzed using image current detection and fast Fourier transformation. Using this technique, it is possible to generate ion populations with intraspectrum intensity ranges up to 10(4). All measurements (including ion accumulation and image current detection) were performed in less than 1 s at a resolving power of 30,000. It was shown that 5-ppm mass accuracy of the orbitrap mass analyzer is reached with >95% probability at a dynamic range of more than 5000, which is at least an order of magnitude higher than typical values for time-of-flight instruments. Due to the high resolving power of the orbitrap, accurate mass of an ion could be determined when the signal was reliably distinguished from noise (S/Np-p)>2...3).
Journal Article
THE STRATOSPHERE–TROPOSPHERE ANALYSES OF REGIONAL TRANSPORT 2008 EXPERIMENT
The Stratosphere–Troposphere Analyses of Regional Transport 2008 (START08) experiment investigated a number of important processes in the extratropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) using the National Science Foundation (NSF)–NCAR Gulfstream V (GV) research aircraft. The main objective was to examine the chemical structure of the extratropical UTLS in relation to dynamical processes spanning a range of scales. The campaign was conducted during April–June 2008 from Broomfield, Colorado. A total of 18 research flights sampled an extensive geographical region of North America (25°–65°N, 80°–120°W) and a wide range of meteorological conditions. The airborne in situ instruments measured a comprehensive suite of chemical constituents and microphysical variables from the boundary layer to the lower stratosphere, with flights specifically designed to target key transport processes in the extratropical UTLS. The flights successfully investigated stratosphere–troposphere exchange (STE) processes, including the intrusion of tropospheric air into the stratosphere in association with the secondary tropopause and the intrusion of stratospheric air deep into the troposphere. The flights also sampled the influence of convective transport and lightning on the upper troposphere as well as the distribution of gravity waves associated with multiple sources, including fronts and topography. The aircraft observations are complemented by satellite observations and modeling. The measurements will be used to improve the representation of UTLS chemical gradients and transport in Chemistry–Climate models (CCMs). This article provides an overview of the experiment design and selected observational highlights.
Journal Article
Cognitive load assessment for cadet pilots in simulated aircraft environment-pilot study
Purpose
This study aims to propose a methodology aimed at understanding the cognitive and physiological processes inherent in cadet pilot operations. Through analyzing responses from two cadet pilots with varied experience levels across diverse simulation scenarios, the research uses descriptive statistics, t-test, one-way ANOVA and percentage change analysis to explore crucial variables, including heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) and respiratory rate (RR).
Design/methodology/approach
The investigation meticulously examines HR, HRV and RR under circumstances encompassing resting state, visual flight rules and instrument flight rules with engine failure. Pilots undergo comprehensive analyses employing statistical techniques and visual representations to comprehend cognitive loads and physiological adaptations.
Findings
Significant disparities emerge between the two pilots, elucidating the profound impact of experience on cognitive and physiological outcomes. Novice cadet pilots exhibit heightened variability during scenario transitions, while experienced cadet pilot demonstrate controlled responses, indicative of adaptability. Visual flight simulations evoke distinct responses, whereas instrument-based scenarios, particularly those simulating emergencies, lead to pronounced physiological changes.
Practical implications
The findings of this research hold practical significance in introducing the proposed novel methodology for monitoring Cadet pilots to refine pilot training simulation protocols and enhance aviation safety by illuminating the interplay between experience levels and scenario complexities.
Originality/value
This study proposes a novel methodology for investigating cognitive and physiological responses in pilot operations, mainly investigating cadet pilots’ vital parameters through diverse analytical methods and an exploration of scenario-specific demands.
Journal Article
Rotorcraft Flight Regime Recognition in Complex Maneuvers Using Adaptive Extended Kalman Filter
The retirement time of helicopter components can be extended using the health and usage monitoring system (HUMS) and revisiting the flight spectrum with enough precision through fatigue damage analysis. The recognition of flight regimes for air vehicles with complex maneuvers is a major problem in determining the experienced spectrum. The relationship between flight variables and regimes is complex and coupled during a mission profile with multiple maneuvers that needs more efficient algorithms. In this paper, a logical framework is developed to identify the complex maneuvers based on the qualitative and descriptive interpretation of each maneuver by the pilot. The regime recognition criteria are implemented in the algorithm using an adaptive extended Kalman filter with both flight instruments and control movements as the measurements. The proposed algorithm classifies the flight regimes into the standard fatigue spectrum while needing no large amount of training data and not being sensitive to pilot behavior and mission variations. The proposed regime recognition algorithm is evaluated through extensive simulation of a comprehensive dynamic model of helicopter flight. The results show the improved accuracy of the proposed method in comparison with that of previous ones, while the proposed method is easier to embed in HUMS software without exhaustive training.
Journal Article