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"Flowering"
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The Bamboo Flowering Cycle Sheds Light on Flowering Diversity
Bamboo is a perennial flowering plant with a distinctive life cycle: many bamboo species remain in the vegetative phase for decades, followed by mass synchronous flowering and subsequent death. The phenomenon of bamboo flowering is not fully understood, but its periodicity is a major research focus. Here, we collected information on bamboo flowering events by investigating historical documents and field studies at the Bamboo Research Institute of Nanjing Forestry University. We compiled information on more than 630 flowering events, 124 of which accurately recorded the flowering cycle time. We summarized the specific flowering cycles of 85 bamboo species, as well as four kinds of bamboo flowering habits in detail. We present a theory of the bamboo flowering cycle and discuss the reasons for the observed variations in bamboo flowering. This review also introduces two mechanisms by which bamboo forests are rejuvenated after flowering and explains the flowering phenomena of bamboo forests using the bamboo flowering cycle theory. Finally, we present suggestions for forest management strategies. Bamboo flowering is a normal physiological phenomenon, even though it has unique elements compared with flowering in other plants. The results presented here provide valuable reference material for understanding bamboo flowering and its periodicity.
Journal Article
The sugar transporter SWEET10 acts downstream of FLOWERING LOCUS T during floral transition of Arabidopsis thaliana
Background
Floral transition initiates reproductive development of plants and occurs in response to environmental and endogenous signals. In
Arabidopsis thaliana
, this process is accelerated by several environmental cues, including exposure to long days. The photoperiod-dependent promotion of flowering involves the transcriptional induction of
FLOWERING LOCUS T
(
FT
) in the phloem of the leaf.
FT
encodes a mobile protein that is transported from the leaves to the shoot apical meristem, where it forms part of a regulatory complex that induces flowering. Whether FT also has biological functions in leaves of wild-type plants remains unclear.
Results
In order to address this issue, we first studied the leaf transcriptomic changes associated with FT overexpression in the companion cells of the phloem. We found that FT induces the transcription of
SWEET10
, which encodes a bidirectional sucrose transporter, specifically in the leaf veins. Moreover,
SWEET10
is transcriptionally activated by long photoperiods, and this activation depends on FT and one of its earliest target genes
SUPPRESSOR OF CONSTANS OVEREXPRESSION 1
(
SOC1
). The ectopic expression of
SWEET10
causes early flowering and leads to higher levels of transcription of flowering-time related genes in the shoot apex.
Conclusions
Collectively, our results suggest that the FT-signaling pathway activates the transcription of a sucrose uptake/efflux carrier during floral transition, indicating that it alters the metabolism of flowering plants as well as reprogramming the transcription of floral regulators in the shoot meristem.
Journal Article
Cherry blossoms say spring
Looks at the life cycle of a cherry tree, the history behind the gift of the Japanese cherry trees to our nation's capital, and the association of cherry trees and spring.
Book
Genetic architecture underlying light and temperature mediated flowering in Arabidopsis, rice, and temperate cereals
Timely flowering is essential for optimum crop reproduction and yield. To determine the best flowering-time genes (FTGs) relevant to local adaptation and breeding, it is essential to compare the interspecific genetic architecture of flowering in response to light and temperature, the two most important environmental cues in crop breeding. However, the conservation and variations of FTGs across species lack systematic dissection. This review summarizes current knowledge on the genetic architectures underlying light and temperature-mediated flowering initiation in Arabidopsis, rice, and temperate cereals. Extensive comparative analyses show that most FTGs are conserved, whereas functional variations in FTGs may be species specific and confer local adaptation in different species. To explore evolutionary dynamics underpinning the conservation and variations in FTGs, domestication and selection of some key FTGs are further dissected. Based on our analyses of genetic control of flowering time, a number of key issues are highlighted. Strategies for modulation of flowering behavior in crop breeding are also discussed. The resultant resources provide a wealth of reference information to uncover molecular mechanisms of flowering in plants and achieve genetic improvement in crops.
Journal Article
The sakura obsession : the incredible story of the plant hunter who saved Japan's cherry blossoms
\"Collingwood 'Cherry' Ingram first fell in love with the sakura, or cherry tree, when he visited Japan on his honeymoon in 1907. So taken with the plant, he brought back hundreds of cuttings with him to England, where he created a garden of cherry varieties. In 1926, he learned that the Great White Cherry had become extinct in Japan. Six years later, he buried a living cutting from his own collection in a potato and repatriated it via the Trans-Siberian Express. In the years that followed, Ingram sent more than 100 varieties of cherry tree to new homes around the globe, from Auckland to Washington. As much a history of the cherry blossom in Japan as it is the story of one remarkable man, the narrative follows the flower from its adoption as a national symbol in 794, through its use as an emblem of imperialism in the 1930s, to the present-day worldwide obsession with forecasting the exact moment of the trees' flowering\"-- Publisher's description.
Book
Overexpression of PvCO1, a bamboo CONSTANS-LIKE gene, delays flowering by reducing expression of the FT gene in transgenic Arabidopsis
Background
In
Arabidopsis
, a long day flowering plant,
CONSTANS
(
CO
) acts as a transcriptional activator of flowering under long day (LD) condition. In rice, a short day flowering plant,
Hd1
, the ortholog of
CO
, plays dual functions in respond to day-length, activates flowering in short days and represses flowering in long days. In addition, alleles of
Hd1
account for ~ 44% of the variation in flowering time observed in cultivated rice and sorghum. How does it work in bamboo? The function of
CO
in bamboo is similar to that in
Arabidopsis
?
Results
Two
CO
homologous genes,
PvCO1
and
PvCO2
, in
Phyllostachys violascens
were identified. Alignment analysis showed that the two PvCOLs had the highest sequence similarity to rice Hd1. Both
PvCO1
and
PvCO2
expressed in specific tissues, mainly in leaf. The
PvCO1
gene had low expression before flowering, high expression during the flowering stage, and then declined to low expression again after flowering. In contrast, expression of
PvCO2
was low during the flowering stage, but rapidly increased to a high level after flowering. The mRNA levels of both
PvCOs
exhibited a diurnal rhythm. Both PvCO1 and PvCO2 proteins were localized in nucleus of cells. PvCO1 could interact with PvGF14c protein which belonged to 14–3-3 gene family through B-box domain. Overexpression of
PvCO1
in
Arabidopsis
significantly caused late flowering by reducing the expression of
AtFT
, whereas, transgenic plants overexpressing
PvCO2
showed a similar flowering time with WT under LD conditions. Taken together, these results suggested that PvCO1 was involved in the flowering regulation, and PvCO2 may either not have a role in regulating flowering or act redundantly with other flowering regulators in
Arabidopsis
. Our data also indicated regulatory divergence between PvCOLs in
Ph. violascens
and CO in
Arabidopsis
as well as Hd1 in
Oryza sativa.
Our results will provide useful information for elucidating the regulatory mechanism of
COLs
involved in the flowering.
Conclusions
Unlike to the
CO
gene in
Arabidopsis
,
PvCO1
was a negative regulator of flowering in transgenic
Arabidopsis
under LD condition. It was likely that long period of vegetative growth of this bamboo species was related with the regulation of PvCO1.
Journal Article