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Seismic behaviour of isolated fluid storage tanks: A-state-of-the-art review
An updated state-of-the-art-review of the behaviour of the isolated fluid storage tanks to seismic excitation is presented. The main objective of review is to provide assistance to current research and engineering practice on base isolated fluid storage tanks. The review includes the literature on theoretical aspects of seismic isolation, parametric behaviour of isolated fluid storage tanks and experimental studies to verify some of the theoretical findings. Aspects for future research in the area of isolation of fluid storage tanks are also presented.
Journal Article
Cerebrospinal Fluid–Basic Concepts Review
Cerebrospinal fluid plays a crucial role in protecting the central nervous system (CNS) by providing mechanical support, acting as a shock absorber, and transporting nutrients and waste products. It is produced in the ventricles of the brain and circulates through the brain and spinal cord in a continuous flow. In the current review, we presented basic concepts related to cerebrospinal fluid history, cerebrospinal fluid production, circulation, and its main components, the role of the blood–brain barrier and the blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier in the maintenance of cerebrospinal fluid homeostasis, and the utility of Albumin Quotient (QAlb) evaluation in the diagnosis of CNS diseases. We also discussed the collection of cerebrospinal fluid (type, number of tubes, and volume), time of transport to the laboratory, and storage conditions. Finally, we briefly presented the role of cerebrospinal fluid examination in CNS disease diagnosis of various etiologies and highlighted that research on identifying cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers indicating disease presence or severity, evaluating treatment effectiveness, and enabling understanding of pathogenesis and disease mechanisms is of great importance. Thus, in our opinion, research on cerebrospinal fluid is still necessary for both the improvement of CNS disease management and the discovery of new treatment options.
Journal Article
Rumen Fluid from Slaughtered Animals: A Standardized Procedure for Sampling, Storage and Use in Digestibility Trials
Digestibility trials need a viable rumen fluid as inoculum to degrade feeds. The variability of rumen fluid depends on the animal’s diet, while its viability is greatly influenced by the sampling and handling procedures. In this article, we present a replicable protocol for sampling the rumen fluid from slaughtered animals for in vitro digestibility trials. A detailed list of the tools and a step-by-step standardized procedure for the collection, storage and the transportation of the rumen fluid from the slaughterhouse to the laboratory is presented. We also describe a digestibility trial for establishing the maximum storage time of rumen fluid from sampling to its use. The results show that the rumen fluid, collected and maintained according to the proposed protocol, can be stored and used from 30 to 300 min from sampling without significantly compromising the fermentative activity of the microbial population.
Journal Article
A Rock-on-a-Chip Approach to Investigate Flow Behavior for Underground Gas Storage Applications
Large-scale storage solutions play a critical role in the ongoing energy transition, with Underground Hydrogen Storage (UHS) emerging as a possible option. UHS can benefit from existing natural gas storage expertise; however, key differences in hydrogen’s behavior compared to CH4 must be characterized at the pore scale to optimize the design and the management of these systems. This work investigates two-phase (gas–water) flow behavior using microfluidic devices mimicking reservoir rocks’ pore structure. Microfluidic tests provide a systematic side-by-side comparison of H2–water and CH4–water displacement under the same pore-network geometries, wettability, and flow conditions, focusing on the drainage phase. While all experiments fall within the transitional flow regime between capillary and viscous fingering, clear quantitative differences between H2 and CH4 emerge. Indeed, the results show that hydrogen’s lower viscosity enhances capillary fingering and snap-off events, while methane exhibits more stable viscous-dominated behavior. Both gases show rapid breakthrough; however, H2’s flow instability—especially at low capillary numbers (Ca)—leads to spontaneous water imbibition, suggesting stronger capillary forces. Relative permeability endpoints are evaluated when steady state conditions are reached: they show dependence on Ca, not just saturation, aligning with recent scaling laws. Despite H2 showing a different displacement regime, closer to capillary fingering, H2 mobility remains comparable to CH4. These findings highlight differences in flow behavior between H2 and CH4, emphasizing the need for tailored strategies for UHS to manage trapping and optimize recovery.
Journal Article
Nondestructive Evaluation of Cryofoam with Uneven Surface by Continuous Wave Terahertz Imaging Using Dynamic Depth Focusing Technique
Cryogenic fluid storage tanks of launch vehicles use polyurethane-based foam with multi-layered coating as an insulation system. Detection of metal-to-foam debonds in cryofoam with the multi-layered coating is challenging due to the high attenuation of ultrasonic waves in cryofoam, the porous nature of the foam, varying substrate and foam thickness, etc. In this study a novel approach using dynamic depth focusing technique with Terahertz waves has been employed. Cryofoam sample with artificial metal-to-foam debonds is scanned with a continuous wave terahertz imaging system in reflection mode with a frequency range of 0.1 to 0.4 THz. The sample is raster scanned point by point in X-Y directions using a stepper motor. The reflected terahertz signal is received with a photomixer and Schottky detector to obtain a complete C-scan image. The debonds are not detectable by continuous-wave terahertz imaging due to the surface unevenness since the focal distance of the operating system is not variable. This report proposes a three-step procedure to perform dynamic depth focusing on multi-layer coated cryofoam samples. The first step involves the quantification of surface roughness at distinct points using a digital depth gauge to acquire the depth profile of the sample initially with a step size of 2 mm. A depth profile has been generated by interpolating the intermediate depth values as a second step. Finally, the focus of imaging is dynamically varied using a motorized stage at each imaging point based on the initially generated depth profile. This approach gives a better resolution at all depths without using geometry description tools like computer-aided design or other software tools.
Journal Article
CLN3 is required for the clearance of glycerophosphodiesters from lysosomes
Lysosomes have many roles, including degrading macromolecules and signalling to the nucleus
1
. Lysosomal dysfunction occurs in various human conditions, such as common neurodegenerative diseases and monogenic lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs)
2
,
3
–
4
. For most LSDs, the causal genes have been identified but, in some, the function of the implicated gene is unknown, in part because lysosomes occupy a small fraction of the cellular volume so that changes in lysosomal contents are difficult to detect. Here we develop the LysoTag mouse for the tissue-specific isolation of intact lysosomes that are compatible with the multimodal profiling of their contents. We used the LysoTag mouse to study CLN3, a lysosomal transmembrane protein with an unknown function. In children, the loss of
CLN3
causes juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (Batten disease), a lethal neurodegenerative LSD. Untargeted metabolite profiling of lysosomes from the brains of mice lacking CLN3 revealed a massive accumulation of glycerophosphodiesters (GPDs)—the end products of glycerophospholipid catabolism. GPDs also accumulate in the lysosomes of CLN3-deficient cultured cells and we show that CLN3 is required for their lysosomal egress. Loss of CLN3 also disrupts glycerophospholipid catabolism in the lysosome. Finally, we found elevated levels of glycerophosphoinositol in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with Batten disease, suggesting the potential use of glycerophosphoinositol as a disease biomarker. Our results show that CLN3 is required for the lysosomal clearance of GPDs and reveal Batten disease as a neurodegenerative LSD with a defect in glycerophospholipid metabolism.
The lysosomal transmembrane protein CLN3 is required for the lysosomal clearance of glycerophosphodiesters in mice and in human cells, suggesting that the loss of CLN3 causes Batten disease in children due to defects in glycerophospholipid metabolism.
Journal Article
Workflow for the Validation of Geomechanical Simulations through Seabed Monitoring for Offshore Underground Activities
Underground fluid storage is gaining increasing attention as a means to balance energy production and consumption, ensure energy supply security, and contribute to greenhouse gas reduction in the atmosphere by CO2 geological sequestration. However, underground fluid storage generates pressure changes, which in turn induce stress variations and rock deformations. Numerical geomechanical models are typically used to predict the response of a given storage to fluid injection and withdrawal, but validation is required for such a model to be considered reliable. This paper focuses on the technology and methodology that we developed to monitor seabed movements and verify the predictions of the impact caused by offshore underground fluid storage. To this end, we put together a measurement system, integrated into an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, to periodically monitor the seabed bathymetry. Measurements repeated during and after storage activities can be compared with the outcome of numerical simulations and indirectly confirm the existence of safety conditions. To simulate the storage system response to fluid storage, we applied the Virtual Element Method. To illustrate and discuss our methodology, we present a possible application to a depleted gas reservoir in the Adriatic Sea, Italy, where several underground geological formations could be potentially converted into storage in the future.
Journal Article
pH evaluation of storage fluids and ancient DNA extraction from wet specimens in pathology museums
Pathology museums host ancient samples obtained during autopsies and generally used for educational purposes in the past. Such collections consist of dry and wet specimens showing diseases that no longer exist or with their natural course unmodified by modern therapies.1,2 In wet specimens, the preservation of macroscopic features due to the storage fluid has a great historical and paleopathological interest. Unfortunately, both original fixatives and storage fluids strongly influence tissue antigens and nucleic acids preservation.3 [...]
Journal Article
Italian Offshore Platform and Depleted Reservoir Conversion in the Energy Transition Perspective
New hypotheses for reusing platforms reaching their end-of-life have been investigated in several works, discussing the potential conversions of these infrastructures from recreational tourism to fish farming. In this perspective paper, we discuss the conversion options that could be of interest in the context of the current energy transition, with reference to the off-shore Italian scenario. The study was developed in support of the development of a national strategy aimed at favoring a circular economy and the reuse of existing infrastructure for the implementation of the energy transition. Thus, the investigated options include the onboard production of renewable energy, hydrogen production from seawater through electrolyzers, CO2 capture and valorization, and platform reuse for underground fluid storage in depleted reservoirs once produced through platforms. Case histories are developed with reference to a typical, fictitious platform in the Adriatic Sea, Italy, to provide an engineering-based approach to these different conversion options. The coupling of the platform with the underground storage to set the optimal operational conditions is managed through the forecast of the reservoir performance, with advanced numerical models able to simulate the complexity of the phenomena occurring in the presence of coupled hydrodynamic, geomechanical, geochemical, thermal, and biological processes. The results of our study are very encouraging, because they reveal that no technical, environmental, or safety issues prevent the conversion of offshore platforms into valuable infrastructure, contributing to achieving the energy transition targets, as long as the selection of the conversion option to deploy is designed taking into account the system specificity and including the depleted reservoir to which it is connected when relevant. Socio-economic issues were not investigated, as they were out of the scope of the project.
Journal Article