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"Forced labor -- China"
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The Great Wall of Confinement
China is the only major world power to have entered the twenty-first century with a thriving prison camp network—a frightening, mostly hidden realm known since 1951 as the laogai system. This book, the most comprehensive study of China's prison camps to date, draws from a wide range of primary sources, including many compelling literary documents, to illuminate life inside China's prison camps. Focusing mainly on the second half of the twentieth century, Philip F. Williams and Yenna Wu outline the evolution of the laogai system, construct a vivid picture of prisoners' lives from arrest and interrogation to release, and provide a troubling new perspective on the human rights issues plaguing China.
eBook
Influence of skill relatedness on the location choice of heterogeneous labor force in Chinese prefecture-level cities
High-quality regional development should be promoted by facilitating inter-regional mobility of heterogeneous labor force to optimize its spatial allocation. This study incorporates skill relatedness into spatial categorization and selection effects, and explores how skill-relatedness affects the location choice of heterogeneous labor force. To do so, we use labor force migration data and employee data by occupation subcategory from the 2000 National Population Census and 2015 National Population Sample Survey. The empirical evidence provides three major findings. First, there are significant regional differences in labor migration rates by the occupational group between cities in China, and the trend is increasing. Regional concentration of location choice is increasing and six significant agglomerations are formed. Second, skill relatedness positively affects the location choice of the heterogeneous labor force in Chinese cities. When cities’ skill-relatedness is more robust, influence on labor location choice is more remarkable. In cities with high-size classes, the effect of high-skill relatedness on labor location choice is higher. Third, labor force with solid skill relatedness with regional employment moves to the location owing to the spatial sorting effect. Labor force without skill relatedness or weak relatedness moves out or does not move to the location owing to the spatial selection effect.
Journal Article
The Coolie Speaks
Introducing radical counter-visions of race and slavery, and probing the legal and philosophical questions raised by indenture,The Coolie Speaksoffers the first critical reading of a massive testimony case from Cuba in 1874. From this case, Yun traces the emergence of a \"coolie narrative\" that forms a counterpart to the \"slave narrative.\" The written and oral testimonies of nearly 3,000 Chinese laborers in Cuba, who toiled alongside African slaves, offer a rare glimpse into the nature of bondage and the tortuous transition to freedom. Trapped in one of the last standing systems of slavery in the Americas, the Chinese described their hopes and struggles, and their unrelenting quest for freedom.
Yun argues that the testimonies from this case suggest radical critiques of the \"contract\" institution, the basis for free modern society. The example of Cuba, she suggests, constitutes the early experiment and forerunner of new contract slavery, in which the contract itself, taken to its extreme, was wielded as a most potent form of enslavement and complicity. Yun further considers the communal biography of a next-generation Afro-Chinese Cuban author and raises timely theoretical questions regarding race, diaspora, transnationalism, and globalization.
eBook
Sweatshop Boycotts: Can’t Live with Them, Can’t Live without Them
This article explores the moral permissibility of sweatshop boycotts. We build explicitly on Tomhave and Vopat’s (2018) framework for evaluating the moral permissibility of boycotts in general for the specific case of sweatshop labor. We argue that sweatshop boycotts are more likely to be morally justified when targeting forced labor compared to free labor and we explore the relevant moral tradeoffs associated with boycotts of free labor sweatshops. We analyze the morality of three cases of sweatshop boycotts—Indonesia in the 1990s, Bangladesh following the 2013 Rana Plaza disaster, and the Uyghur region in China—and then discuss how insights from these cases might provide a model to guide activists and business ethicists in analyzing the morality of other sweatshop boycotts.
Journal Article
The Power(lessness) of Industry Self-regulation to Promote Responsible Labor Standards: Insights from the Chinese Toy Industry
The provision of responsible labor standards along the entire value chain poses considerable challenges for corporations. In particular, management shortcomings and institutional deficits—which are partly related to cultural issues—frequently impede the realization of responsible business practices in emerging and developing countries. It is widely established in theory that industry self-regulation constitutes a particularly promising approach for overcoming these challenges. Nonetheless, it is still an open question as to whether industry initiatives effectively promote responsible standards in practice. This contribution aims to enrich the current discussion about the power of industry self-regulation to ensure responsible labor standards in factories in emerging and developing countries. For this purpose, we analyze the ICTI CARE Process (ICP), the self-regulation initiative of the international toy industry, that aims to promote responsible business practices in Chinese toy factories. The assessment of the ICP shows that corporations' buying behavior is decisive in order for industry self-regulation to become an appropriate means of improving labor standards. Based on the insights from the study and from theoretical reasoning, we develop a framework for effective industry self-regulation that integrates the perspective of factories.
Journal Article
Coercive Labor in the Cotton Harvest in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region and Uzbekistan
This study traces the evolution of systemic state-sponsored coercive labor in the cotton harvest in China’s northwestern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (XUAR). The recent situation in the XUAR is compared to Uzbekistan, which implemented forced labor in cotton picking until 2021. Both regions create structurally coercive labor environments through a centralized authoritarian state apparatus that deploys human resource–intensive local grassroots mobilization efforts. The article finds that while both regional entities’ coercive labor dynamics are in many ways comparable, the resulting labor settings are not easily captured through static standard measures such as the ILO forced labor indicators. Instead, state-sponsored forced labor is characterized by pervasive state-induced and systemic dynamics of coercion that are deeply embedded within sociocultural contexts. Whereas Uzbekistan’s coercive labor practices were primarily driven by economic considerations, Xinjiang’s labor transfer program pursues some economic aims but is predominantly designed to achieve Beijing’s wider ethnopolitical goals in the region.
Journal Article
Concealed chains : labour exploitation and Chinese migrants in Europe
This book exposes the hidden world of Chinese irregular migrants in three European countries: France, Italy and the United Kingdom. Chinese workers migrating to Europe pay huge sums of money to intermediaries, often leaving them trapped in debt before they even begin their journey. Exposed to various risks during their migratory process, they can arrive in the destination country vulnerable to extreme exploitation and sometimes even forced labour. Through analysis of the employment relationship between the different actors in the labour market, the book seeks to understand the links that connect vulnerable Chinese workers to European labour markets and a complex international production chain.
eBook
Trafficking North Korean women into China for forced marriage: Evidence from court judgments
Trafficking in women for forced marriage is a serious violation of women’s rights and a pervasive concern globally. However, empirical studies about trafficking North Korean women for forced marriage in China based on Chinese official documents have generally remained overlooked. Drawing on a sample of 66 court documents involving 222 traffickers and 192 buyers from 2012 to 2020, this study contributes to the trafficking literature by providing an in-depth analysis of the trafficking of North Korean women for forced marriage in China. Content analysis is used to explore (a) the identity characteristics and motivations of traffickers, buyers, and victims, (b) the trafficking procedure, and (c) the division of labor among traffickers and patterns of penalties imposed on the traffickers. Findings suggest that both traffickers and buyers are mainly with low education, without stable employment, and geographically concentrated in Northeastern China. The trafficking process can be divided into recruitment, border crossing, transportation, matchmaking, transfer, and transaction. The implications for research and policy are discussed.
Journal Article
Perk consumption and CEO turnover
This study examines the relationship between perk consumption and forced CEO turnover. The results based on Chinese firms indicate that the likelihood of forced CEO turnover increases with excess perk consumption by executives. The positive effect of excess perk consumption on CEO dismissal declines when the firms are momentum winners in market returns and profitability while it rises when firms are momentum losers. Non-co-opted independent directors amplify the positive effect of excess perks on forced CEO turnover whereas board gender diversity reduces such likelihood. Better educated CEOs appear to consume fewer excess perks, reducing the likelihood of forced turnover.
Journal Article