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"Forensic Genetics."
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Genetics, crime and justice
As our understanding of genetics increases, its application to criminal justice becomes more significant. This timely book examines the use of genetic information both in criminal investigations and during the trial process. It discusses current scientific understanding and considers some potential legal, ethical and sociological issues with the use of genetic information. The author draws together debates from scientists, ethicists, sociologists and lawyers in order to understand how the criminal justice system currently reacts, and ought to react, to the new challenges presented by genetic evidence. She asks the important question of where priorities should lie: whether with society's desire to be protected from crime, or with an individual's desire to be protected from an unwanted intrusion into his or her genome. Topics include rights of privacy and consent in obtaining DNA samples, evidentiary issues in court, the impact of genetic evidence on punishment theory and sentencing, and genetic discrimination. This book will be of use to criminal and medical law students, along with academics, practitioners and policymakers interested in exploring the various criminal law issues in relation to genetics. It will also be of interest to criminal justice, philosophy, ethics, sociology and psychology students and academics looking explore the legal issues involved in such a topic.-- Source other than Library of Congress.
Book
Forensic genetics and genomics: Much more than just a human affair
While traditional forensic genetics has been oriented towards using human DNA in criminal investigation and civil court cases, it currently presents a much wider application range, including not only legal situations sensu stricto but also and, increasingly often, to preemptively avoid judicial processes. Despite some difficulties, current forensic genetics is progressively incorporating the analysis of nonhuman genetic material to a greater extent. The analysis of this material—including other animal species, plants, or microorganisms—is now broadly used, providing ancillary evidence in criminalistics in cases such as animal attacks, trafficking of species, bioterrorism and biocrimes, and identification of fraudulent food composition, among many others. Here, we explore how nonhuman forensic genetics is being revolutionized by the increasing variety of genetic markers, the establishment of faster, less error-burdened and cheaper sequencing technologies, and the emergence and improvement of models, methods, and bioinformatics facilities. © 2017 Arenas et al.
Journal Article
The science of Roman history : biology, climate, and the future of the past
\"How the latest cutting-edge science offers a fuller picture of life in Rome and antiquity. This groundbreaking book provides the first comprehensive look at how the latest advances in the sciences are transforming our understanding of ancient Roman history. Walter Scheidel brings together leading historians, anthropologists, and geneticists at the cutting edge of their fields, who explore novel types of evidence that enable us to reconstruct the realities of life in the Roman world. Contributors discuss climate change and its impact on Roman history, and then cover botanical and animal remains, which cast new light on agricultural and dietary practices. They exploit the rich record of human skeletal material--both bones and teeth-which forms a bio-archive that has preserved vital information about health, nutritional status, diet, disease, working conditions, and migration. Complementing this discussion is an in-depth analysis of trends in human body height, a marker of general well-being. This book also assesses the contribution of genetics to our understanding of the past, demonstrating how ancient DNA is used to track infectious diseases, migration, and the spread of livestock and crops, while the DNA of modern populations helps us reconstruct ancient migrations, especially colonization. Opening a path toward a genuine biohistory of Rome and the wider ancient world, The Science of RomanHistory offers an accessible introduction to the scientific methods being used in this exciting new area of research, as well as an up-to-date survey of recent findings and a tantalizing glimpse of what the future holds\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Associations between forensic loci and expression levels of neighboring genes may compromise medical privacy
A set of 20 short tandem repeats (STRs) is used by the US criminal justice system to identify suspects and to maintain a database of genetic profiles for individuals who have been previously convicted or arrested. Some of these STRs were identified in the 1990s, with a preference for markers in putative gene deserts to avoid forensic profiles revealing protected medical information. We revisit that assumption, investigating whether forensic genetic profiles reveal information about gene-expression variation or potential medical information. We find six significant correlations (false discovery rate = 0.23) between the forensic STRs and the expression levels of neighboring genes in lymphoblastoid cell lines. We explore possible mechanisms for these associations, showing evidence compatible with forensic STRs causing expression variation or being in linkage disequilibrium with a causal locus in three cases and weaker or potentially spurious associations in the other three cases. Together, these results suggest that forensic genetic loci may reveal expression levels and, perhaps, medical information.
Journal Article
Surnames, DNA, and family history
\"This book combines linguistic and historical approaches with the latest techniques of DNA analysis and shows the insights these offer for every kind of genealogical research. It focuses on British names, tracing their origins to different parts ot eht British Isles and Europe and revealing how names often remain concentrated in the districts where they first became established centuries ago.\"--Back cover.
Book
Implementation of ISO/IEC 17025 in forensic genetics laboratories in Brazil
In Brazil, while there are legal regulations establishing technical requirements to promote quality management systems in forensic genetics laboratories based on ISO standards, accreditation is not yet mandatory. In this study, we assess the compliance of Brazilian forensic genetics laboratories with ISO/IEC 17025 and try to identify the challenges these labs face in meeting those standards. A survey was responded by the 28 laboratories of the Integrated Network of Genetic Profile Databases (RIBPG) in order to gauge compliance with eight critical criteria: personnel management, equipment management, equipment calibration, method validation, proficiency testing, internal auditing, risk management, and critical review. The results indicate that laboratories reported greater compliance with ISO/IEC 17025 clauses already mandated and audited under the current national quality standard (Resolution 12 of the CG-RIBPG), such as pessoal competence (64 %) and equipment management (57 %). However, the results also revealed challenges in meeting some ISO requirements, especially those related to procurement of external services such as calibration (29 %) and proficiency testing through accredited providers (14 %). This article highlights the need for strategic public policy projects to support forensic laboratory accreditation, including capacity-building, specialized training, and monitoring of implementation. External motivators for accreditation and strategies tailored to the specific needs of the laboratories are also necessary.
●Survey assessed compliance of Brazilian forensic genetics labs with ISO/IEC 17025.●Challenges identified include external calibration and proficiency testing.●89 % of laboratories found personnel competence criteria easy to meet.●Strategic public policies needed to support accreditation in forensic genetics.●Results emphasize tailored strategies to address labs' specific accreditation barriers.
Journal Article
Past, Present and Future Perspectives of Forensic Genetics
Forensic genetics has experienced remarkable advancements over the past decades, evolving from the analysis of a limited number of DNA segments to comprehensive genome-wide investigations. This progression has significantly improved the ability to establish genetic profiles under diverse conditions and scenarios. Beyond individual identification, forensic genetics now enables the inference of physical traits (e.g., eye, hair, and skin color, as well as body composition), biogeographic ancestry, lifestyle habits such as alcohol and tobacco use, and even the transfer of genital microbiomes post-coitus, among other characteristics. Emerging trends point to a future shaped by the integration of cutting-edge technologies, including CRISPR-Cas systems, artificial intelligence, and machine learning, which promise to further revolutionize the field. This review provides a thorough exploration of forensic genetics, tracing its evolution from its foundational methods (past) to its diverse modern applications (present) and offering insights into its potential future directions.
Journal Article
Comparative assessment of SNP genotyping assays for challenging forensic samples utilizing ancient DNA methods
Background
The fields of ancient DNA research and forensic genetics share both methodological similarities and common challenges, particularly in the analysis of degraded DNA. Leveraging these overlaps, this study evaluates three single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)-based genotyping assays for analyzing challenging forensic samples: the FORCE-QIAseq SNP panel, the Twist ancient DNA hybridization capture panel, and whole-genome sequencing.
Results
We analyze twenty skeletal bone and tooth samples from authentic missing person cases, where almost all samples are severely degraded and contain exceptionally low amounts of endogenous DNA, reflected by both reduced quantifiable DNA concentrations and lower proportions of human DNA reads than typically obtained from high-quality forensic samples. Despite these challenging sample characteristics, both the FORCE and Twist assays successfully generate a substantial number of genotypes across many samples, while whole-genome sequencing yields fewer SNP calls. However, techniques like probabilistic genotyping, increase sequencing depth or genotype imputation can further enhance the utility of WGS for forensic use.
Conclusions
This study highlights the effectiveness of incorporating ancient DNA methods into forensic genetics for the analysis of degraded samples. The findings are broadly applicable to both forensic and ancient DNA research disciplines, offering valuable insights into assay selection based on sample condition and investigative goals.
Journal Article
Characterization of the 172 SNPs Included in the ForenSeq™ DNA Signature Prep Kit in a Population from Northeast Italy
In this study, 172 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) (94 identity-informative SNPs, 56 ancestry-informative SNPs, and 22 phenotypic-informative SNPs) included in the ForenSeq™ DNA Signature Prep kit/DNA Primer Mix B (Verogen) were used for genotyping DNA samples from a population of twenty-one unrelated subjects, native to Northeast Italy. SNP sequencing was performed with the MiSeq FGx™ Forensic Genomics System (Illumina-Verogen), and data were analyzed using the Universal Analysis Software (UAS) v1.2. Raw data underwent further examination with STRait Razor v3 (SRv3) to compare the target SNPs’ genotype calls made with UAS and to identify the presence of microhaplotypes (MHs) due to SNPs associated with the same target SNP’s amplicon. The allele (haplotype) frequencies, Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, linkage disequilibrium, number of effective alleles (Ae), and relevant forensic statistic parameters were calculated. Among the 172 SNPs evaluated, 45 unique microhaplotypes were found, comprising a novel sequence variant never previously described. The presence of MHs resulted in an 8.00% rise in the typologies of unique sequences, leading to changes in Ae. Notably, for 12 out of the 94 iiSNPs, the values of Ae exceeded 2.00, which is generally associated with a higher expected heterozygosity and increased power of discrimination.
Journal Article
FIGG at 5: An update on U.S. public perspectives on forensic investigative genetic genealogy five years after its introduction to criminal investigations
In 2018, after law enforcement announced it had used a technique called forensic investigative genetic genealogy (FIGG) to identify the Golden State Killer, we conducted a U.S. general population survey and found most respondents supported using FIGG to solve violent crimes. Since then, FIGG has helped close hundreds of criminal cases, but it also has weathered controversies. On FIGG's fifth anniversary, we conducted an expanded, follow-up survey with U.S.-based participants to determine if public opinion had changed and found continued support for FIGG across most applications. The same proportion (91 %) of respondents in the 2018 and 2023 surveys endorsed using FIGG in genetic genealogy databases to help identify perpetrators of violent crimes. Similar to the 2018 survey, only 57 % of respondents supported FIGG to help identify perpetrators of non-violent crimes. The results indicate that U.S. policies that have been adopted for FIGG are generally consistent with the opinions of our survey respondents over time. Nonetheless, there are opportunities to strengthen FIGG governance with the goal of maintaining public trust in the technique.
•FIGG relies for its existence on public support.•In 2023, we conducted a survey to assess U.S. public acceptability of FIGG.•Of 1394 respondents, 91 % endorsed FIGG to help identify violent perpetrators.•By comparison, only 57 % endorsed FIGG to help identify non-violent perpetrators.•The results align with 2018 survey results and current U.S. policies for FIGG.
Journal Article