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"Forensic identification"
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Gender and age determination through linear and volumetric measurements of the sphenoid sinus using CBCT images
This retrospective, observational, longitudinal study carried out a morphometric analysis of CBCT images of the sphenoid sinus to evaluate whether they can be used to determine gender and age in a mixed Brazilian population. 200 CBCT scans (100 females; 100 males) were retrospectively selected and the linear (maximum height, width, length) and volumetric measurements were taken in the right and left sphenoid sinuses. The sample was also divided according to age in 18-40 (n = 123) and>40 years (n = 77). The sinus volume was calculated using a formula (a multivariate discriminant analysis) and a software program, and the results were compared. All data were subjected to statistical analysis (p<0.05). Only the volume of the right sphenoid sinus showed a statistically significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) between the genders, with lower values for females. Most measurements were higher in group 18-40 years (p<0.05). There was no difference between the volumes calculated using the formula and the software. The overall gender determination accuracy rate was 60.08%. For the>40 years group, the discriminant analysis achieved an accuracy index of 74%. Morphometric measurements of the sphenoid sinus in CBCT exams are useful for gender and age estimation in adult Brazilians. The greatest accuracy is obtained for determining age when individuals are over 40 years old.
Journal Article
Ballistics
\"A shooting has occurred. Investigators have not yet found evidence. Then they look in a storm drain and find shell casings. They put the casings in a paper bag and send them to the lab to be analyzed. Find out about the techniques and tools ballistics experts use to help bring even the toughest cases to a close\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Medico-legal identification of unidentified bodies and missing persons in Milan and Paris: a comparative institutional study
The challenges and methodologies associated with reporting missing persons and identifying unidentified bodies, including migrants and domestic deaths, widely vary worldwide. This comparative study delves into the medico-legal practices and legislative frameworks in Italy and France, specifically focusing on the cities of Milan and Paris and highlights the disparities and similarities in the processes and legislative environments of both countries. The ultimate aim is to propose improvements to existing methods and advocate for a more unified approach within Europe, recognizing the shared challenges and the need for concerted efforts in upholding the dignity of the deceased and providing closure for affected families. This study uses Milan and Paris as case examples to highlight the need for improved interconnectivity and procedural alignment in forensic identification across national and European jurisdictions, potentially anchored in internationally recognized frameworks, such as INTERPOL’s Disaster Victim Identification protocol. This work indeed reveals that, while national and regional systems are in place for managing these cases, there are significant limitations in terms of interconnectivity, resource allocation, and management of data. The effectiveness of these systems, considering the high number of cases in large cities and the different scientific, administrative and legal variables involved is then discussed. The paper also provides a detailed analysis of the medico-legal procedures and the involvement of multiple professional disciplines in the identification process, emphasizing the multi-faceted nature of this work. The importance of collaborative strategies and shared practices at a supranational level to address the complex challenges in identifying missing persons and unknown bodies is underlined. The findings from Milan and Paris serve as a microcosm to understand broader patterns, offering insights that could inform global practices.
Journal Article
The unmarked grave : be a forensic anthropologist
Explains what forensic anthropology is and follows professionals as they collect evidence and use science to solve a case.
Book
Exploring the role of the human microbiome in forensic identification: opportunities and challenges
Forensic microbiology is rapidly emerging as a novel tool for human identification. The human microbiome, comprising diverse microbial communities including fungi, bacteria, protozoa, and viruses, is unique to each individual, offering a new dimension to forensic investigations. While traditional identification methods primarily rely on DNA profiling and fingerprint analysis, they face limitations when complete DNA or fingerprints profiles are unattainable or degraded. In this context, the microbial signatures of the human skin microbiome present a promising alternative due to their resilience to environmental stresses and individual-specific composition. This review explores the potential of microbiome analysis in forensic human identification, evaluating its applications, advantages, limitations, and future prospects. The uniqueness of an individual’s microbial community, particularly the skin microbiota, can provide distinctive biological markers for identification purposes, while technological advancements like 16 S rRNA sequencing and metagenomic shotgun sequencing are enhancing the specificity of microbial identification, enabling detailed analysis of these complex ecological communities. Despite these promising findings, current research has not yet achieved a level of identification probability that could establish microbial analysis as a stand-alone evidence tool. Therefore, it is presently considered ancillary to traditional methods, contributing to a more comprehensive biological profile of individuals.
Journal Article
Human identity and identification
\"Few things are as interesting to us as our own bodies and, by extension, our own identities. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the relationship between the body, environment and society. Reflecting upon these developments, this book examines the role of the body in human identification, in the forging of identities, and the ways in which it embodies our social worlds. The approach is integrative, taking a uniquely biological perspective and reflecting on current discourse in the social sciences. With particular reference to bioarchaeology and forensic science, the authors focus on the construction and categorisation of the body within scientific and popular discourse, examining its many tissues, from the outermost to the innermost, from the skin to DNA. Synthesising two, traditionally disparate, strands of research, this is a valuable contribution to research on human identification and the embodiment of identity.\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Accuracy and reproducibility of conclusions by forensic bloodstain pattern analysts
•Conclusions by bloodstain pattern analysts were often erroneous and often contradicted other analysts.•On samples with known causes, 11.2% of responses were erroneous.•Both semantic differences and contradictory interpretations contributed to errors and disagreements.
Although the analysis of bloodstain pattern evidence left at crime scenes relies on the expert opinions of bloodstain pattern analysts, the accuracy and reproducibility of these conclusions have never been rigorously evaluated at a large scale. We investigated conclusions made by 75 practicing bloodstain pattern analysts on 192 bloodstain patterns selected to be broadly representative of operational casework, resulting in 33,005 responses to prompts and 1760 short text responses. Our results show that conclusions were often erroneous and often contradicted other analysts. On samples with known causes, 11.2% of responses were erroneous. The results show limited reproducibility of conclusions: 7.8% of responses contradicted other analysts. The disagreements with respect to the meaning and usage of BPA terminology and classifications suggest a need for improved standards. Both semantic differences and contradictory interpretations contributed to errors and disagreements, which could have serious implications if they occurred in casework.
Journal Article
Distinctiveness of the sphenoid sinuses for human identification: A cone beam computed tomography study
Human identification in complex cases, such as charred skeletal remains and advanced decomposition, requires reliable methods to associate the identity of a missing person with an unidentified body. Among the different types of human identification, radiological methods are effective as they generally allow qualitative and quantitative analysis of anatomical, pathological, and therapeutic peculiarities, whose combination of information forms a unique set of characteristics that can lead to a positive identification. In this context, the present study aims to evaluate the distinctiveness of the sphenoid sinuses, and to classify and identify their morphological patterns in the studied population, with potential application for human identification. This retrospective observational study analyzed 91 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of Brazilian individuals (34 males; 57 females) over the age of 25 years. A qualitative analysis was performed focusing on the sphenoid sinuses' morphological pattern, as well as their presence, number, and position in sagittal and axial CBCT slices. The sphenoid sinuses were present in 100 % of cases, 48.3 % had one septum, 30.7 % had two septa, and 20.8 % had three intersphenoidal septa. Septa type 3 (in the midline) were the most common (42.9 %; n = 39), while type 4 (slightly left to the midline) were the least frequent (3.3 %; n = 3). In the sagittal section analysis, post-sellar type (IVa) septa were the most frequent (50.5 %; n = 46), while the pre-sellar type septa were the least frequent (14.3 %; n = 13). The turbinate pattern (type I) was not detected in this study. From an anatomical point of view, great morphological and dimensional variability were found between the sinuses. It was possible to observe qualitative and quantitative morphological differences that allow the individualization of the sphenoid sinus, which can support human identification.
•Sphenoid sinus was present in 100 % of CBCT scans analyzed.•Great morphological variability supports forensic identification.•Most common axial septum position: type 3 (midline insertion).•Post-sellar (IVa) type was most frequent in sagittal sections.•CBCT is a reliable tool for identifying anatomical uniqueness.
Journal Article