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"Forensic toxicology"
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The inheritor's powder : a tale of arsenic, murder, and the new forensic science
Explores how an infamous murder case led to the birth of modern toxicology.
Book
Advances in testing for sample manipulation in clinical and forensic toxicology - Part A: urine samples
In many countries, adherence testing is used to monitor consumption behavior or to prove abstinence. Urine and hair are most commonly used, although other biological fluids are available. Positive test results are usually associated with serious legal or economic consequences. Therefore, various sample manipulation and adulteration strategies are used to circumvent such a positive result. In these critical review articles on sample adulteration of urine (part A) and hair samples (part B) in the context of clinical and forensic toxicology, recent trends and strategies to improve sample adulteration and manipulation testing published in the past 10 years are described and discussed. Typical manipulation and adulteration strategies include undercutting the limits of detection/cut-off by dilution, substitution, and adulteration. New or alternative strategies for detecting sample manipulation attempts can be generally divided into improved detection of established urine validity markers and direct and indirect techniques or approaches to screening for new adulteration markers. In this part A of the review article, we focused on urine samples, where the focus in recent years has been on new (in)direct substitution markers, particularly for synthetic (fake) urine. Despite various and promising advances in detecting manipulation, it remains a challenge in clinical and forensic toxicology, and simple, reliable, specific, and objective markers/techniques are still lacking, for example, for synthetic urine.
Journal Article
Back to the Future - Part 2. Post-mortem assessment and evolutionary role of the bio-medicolegal sciences
Part 2 of the review “
Back to the Future
” is dedicated to the evolutionary role of the bio-medicolegal sciences, reporting the historical profiles, the state of the art, and prospects for future development of the main related techniques and methods of the ancillary disciplines that have risen to the role of “
autonomous
” sciences, namely, Genetics and Genomics, Toxicology, Radiology, and Imaging, involved in historic synergy in the “
post-mortem assessment
,” together with the mother discipline Legal Medicine, by way of its primary fundament, universally denominated as Forensic Pathology. The evolution of the scientific research and the increased accuracy of the various disciplines will be oriented towards the elaboration of an
“algorithm,”
able to weigh the value of “
evidence
” placed at the disposal of the “
justice system
” as real truth and proof.
Journal Article
Providing illicit drugs results in five seconds using ultra-portable NIR technology: An opportunity for forensic laboratories to cope with the trend toward the decentralization of forensic capabilities
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The analysis of illicit drugs faces many challenges, mainly regarding the production of timely and reliable results and the production of added value from the generated data. It is essential to rethink the way this analysis is operationalised, in order to cope with the trend toward the decentralization of forensic applications. This paper describes the deployment of an ultra–portable near-infrared detector connected to a mobile application. This allows analysis and display of results to end users within 5s. The development of prediction models and their validation, as well as strategies for deployment within law enforcement organizations and forensic laboratories are discussed.
Journal Article
Toxicology cases for the clinical and forensic laboratory
Toxicology Cases for the Clinical and Forensic Laboratory brings together carefully selected case studies to teach important principles relating to drug and toxin exposures.Each case study includes contemporary clinical and forensic toxicologist studies that include a comprehensive analytical and clinical approach to patient management and.
eBook
Application of the DBS/LC-MS method in the analysis of forensic samples
Dried Blood Spot (DBS) cards are gaining popularity in medicine and toxicology due to their versatility and efficiency. This study aimed to develop and optimize a comprehensive method for the detection of 16 psychoactive substances in post-mortem blood samples using the DBS technique, with comparative analysis against the routinely applied LC-SRM-MS method. The research focused on improving sample preparation proposed in the previous work. Key modifications, such as enhancing the extraction process and eliminating filtration steps, resulted in an increased sample concentration, improving LOD. Key modifications, such as enhancing the extraction process and eliminating filtration steps, resulted in a twelvefold increase in analyte concentration, improving LOD. The DBS/LC-MS method was validated, demonstrating high precision, reproducibility, and sensitivity for a broad range of psychoactive substances. Comparative analysis showed that the DBS/LC-MS method produced results consistent with the LC-SRM-MS method, with the added advantage of lower LOD for certain analytes. The study confirms the reliability of the DBS method in forensic toxicology and highlights its benefits, including reduced sample volume, making it a valuable alternative in toxicological and forensic applications. In Poland, prosecutors decide on toxicological tests and the storage of biological material, often leading to delayed decisions when samples are no longer available. A solution could be the routine use of DBS cards, which are cost-effective to store and could aid investigations.
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•The complex method for determining psychotropic substances in post-mortem samples.•The routine use of DBS cards as a good solution.•Simplicity of the sample preparation process in forensic analysis.•The Post-mortem case samples examples in practical analysis.
Journal Article
Comparison of human metabolome changes identified in a placebo-controlled amphetamine administration study versus those using forensic toxicology routine data
Metabolome studies in forensic toxicology focus on the search for endogenous biomarkers changed by, e.g., drugs of abuse. However, placebo-controlled studies, the ideal study design, in humans are scarce for ethical reasons. Thus, the idea of using routine samples became popular, although confounding factors cannot be controlled. To systematically evaluate the use of routine samples for metabolomics, a comparison between a placebo-controlled amphetamine study in humans (A, n
pos
=18, n
neg
=18) to routine samples either positive or negative for amphetamine, prepared and analyzed over six months (re-evaluated, B, n
pos
=28, n
neg
=35) and prepared and analyzed within a single analytical batch (re-extracted, C) was performed. Samples were analyzed using untargeted liquid chromatography-tandem-mass-spectrometry. Comparison was conducted on feature level and based on significance (p- and fold-change-values). Only 3 features were significant in A, B, and C, and 2 were identified as amphetamine-(fragments). All 31 significant features from A were present in B and C; however, only 11 (36%) and 4 (13%) of them were significant mainly because of higher variation. Still, other significant features were found in routine samples (B/C).
In conclusion, routine samples are generally suitable for detecting differences in the metabolome, even if they do not match those of a controlled study.
Journal Article
Development and validation of bone extraction procedure in forensic toxicology: A comparison of different extraction techniques
Forensic toxicology plays a crucial role in forensic sciences, focusing on the detection and interpretation of xenobiotics in various biological samples, including bone tissue. This study aimed to compare different extraction techniques for bone tissue and subsequently analyze and validate the best analytical method via liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry.
Samples were collected from autopsied cadavers, prepared, and subjected to four different extraction methods (EM-1 to EM-4).
Absolute recovery tests indicated EM-1 as the better extraction method, successfully detecting all the target analytes. Method validation for EM-1 demonstrated acceptable bias, precision, interference studies, and stability in various analytes. The validated method was then applied to ten real cases, confirming its efficacy in forensic toxicology for detecting opioids, dissociative anesthetics, stimulants, benzodiazepines, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, antipsychotic medications, and sedatives in bone tissue.
This study validated a new extraction method for bone tissue. This technique was applied to forensic real cases.
•Comparison of different bone extraction techniques.•The forensic toxicology applied on bone tissue.•Development and validation of bone extraction.•The bone tissue as new and unconventional biological matrix.
Journal Article
Comparative performance evaluation of DRI and KIMS immunoassays for forensic drug screening in urine
Rapid and reliable detection of illicit drugs such as methamphetamine and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is critical in forensic toxicology. Immunoassay-based screening methods offer time-efficient alternatives to instrumental techniques, especially for high-throughput forensic applications. This study aims to comparatively evaluate the analytical performance of two widely used DRI and KIMS immunoassay platforms in detecting these drugs in human urine samples, with a focus on forensic applicability. A total of 866 urine samples were analyzed using both DRI and KIMS-based immunoassays. Key performance metrics such as sensitivity, specificity, cross-reactivity, and cut-off concordance were assessed. All results were compared to mass spectrometry-confirmed reference data. Both platforms demonstrated acceptable performance for preliminary drug screening. However, variations were observed in detection sensitivity for THC and in false-positive rates for methamphetamine. In conclusion, both systems are suitable for high-throughput forensic drug screening. And the findings provide practical guidance for forensic laboratories selecting immunoassay platforms for drugs of abuse screening.
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●DRI and KIMS immunoassays were compared for forensic urine drug screening.●Both platforms showed high concordance for methamphetamine and THC.●Moderate agreement for opiates indicated assay-specific variability.●The DRI MDMA assay showed higher specificity and broader screening coverage.●Results support immunoassay platform selection in forensic laboratories.
Journal Article
Organophosphorus pesticide determination in biological specimens: bioanalytical and toxicological aspects
Organophosphorus insecticides, such as parathion-ethyl, quinalphos, chlorpyrifos, chlorfenvinphos or diazinon, are still widely used for pest control on crops. These compounds are extremely toxic to humans, and, even though specific legislation exists that controls the use of these substances, the frequency of toxic and/or fatal events and the existing data suggest that they are still easily accessed and the knowledge associated to the risks is not well-recognized. For these reasons, the determination of the exposure to these compounds, their detection (and of their metabolites as well) in biological samples, is of great importance in clinical and forensic toxicology, and, therefore, the development of techniques for this evaluation is an important task for laboratories. Most confirmatory analyses use blood, serum, plasma and urine as biological samples and are performed by either gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric or liquid chromatographic-mass spectrometric instrumentation, which represents the gold standard in what concerns high sensitivity. This paper will not only address the physical–chemical and toxicological aspects of this class of compounds but also perform a comprehensive and critical review on the analytical methods available for their determination in biological specimens, with special focus on the latest instrumental developments and sample preparation approaches.
Journal Article