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"Forestry policy"
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Forest transition in Vietnam and displacement of deforestation abroad
In some countries across the globe, tropical forest cover is increasing. The national-scale reforestation of Vietnam since 1992 is assumed to contribute to this recovery. It is achieved, however, by the displacement of forest extraction to other countries on the order of 49 (34-70) M m³, or [almost equal to]39% of the regrowth of Vietnam's forests from 1987 to 2006. Approximately half of wood imports to Vietnam during this period were illegal. Leakage due to policies restricting forest exploitation and displacement due to growing domestic consumption and exports contributed respectively to an estimated 58% and 42% of total displacement. Exports of wood products from Vietnam also grew rapidly, amounting to 84% of the displacement, which is a remarkable feature of the forest transition in Vietnam. Attribution of the displacement and corresponding forest extraction to Vietnam, the source countries or the final consumers is thus debatable. Sixty-one percent of the regrowth in Vietnam was, thus, not associated with displacement abroad. Policies allocating credits to countries for reducing deforestation and forest degradation should monitor illegal timber trade and take into account the policy-induced leakage of wood extraction to other countries.
Journal Article
Instruments of Forestry Policy in Ukraine
The aim of the article is to study the theoretical bases and develop practical recommendations for the improvement of forestry policy instruments in Ukraine. The theoretical aspects of forming the forestry policy in Ukraine aimed at ensuring the competitiveness of the forestry sector are considered. The formulation of the forestry policy should be carried out with regard to following principles: openness; consideration for the interests of all stakeholders; coherence of the forestry policy with the policies of other sectors of the economy; application of the scientific approach for the selection of priority areas for developing the forestry sector. The effectiveness of forestry policy in many respects depends on the correct selection and consistency of the use of the relevant instruments. Forestry policy can be considered effective, provided that the set goals and objectives are achieved, it is successfully implemented in practice through applying its effective instruments. To evaluate the effectiveness of forestry policy and its instruments, it is proposed to conduct three types of analysis: preliminary, current and retrospective. There carried out classification of forestry policy instruments by breaking them down into following groups: legal, administrative, market, fiscal, financial, sanction and informational ones.
Journal Article
High-Resolution Global Maps of 21st-Century Forest Cover Change
Quantification of global forest change has been lacking despite the recognized importance of forest ecosystem services. In this study, Earth observation satellite data were used to map global forest loss (2.3 million square kilometers) and gain (0.8 million square kilometers) from 2000 to 2012 at a spatial resolution of 30 meters. The tropics were the only climate domain to exhibit a trend, with forest loss increasing by 2101 square kilometers per year. Brazil's well-documented reduction in deforestation was offset by increasing forest loss in Indonesia, Malaysia, Paraguay, Bolivia, Zambia, Angola, and elsewhere. Intensive forestry practiced within subtropical forests resulted in the highest rates of forest change globally. Boreal forest loss due largely to fire and forestry was second to that in the tropics in absolute and proportional terms. These results depict a globally consistent and locally relevant record of forest change.
Journal Article
Institutional Work in the Transformation of an Organizational Field: The Interplay of Boundary Work and Practice Work
We draw on an in-depth longitudinal analysis of conflict over harvesting practices and decision authority in the British Columbia coastal forest industry to understand the role of institutional work in the transformation of organizational fields. We examine the work of actors to create, maintain, and disrupt the practices that are considered legitimate within a field (practice work) and the boundaries between sets of individuals and groups (boundary work), and the interplay of these two forms of institutional work in effecting change. We find that actors' boundary work and practice work operate in recursive configurations that underpin cycles of institutional innovation, conflict, stability, and restabilization. We also find that transitions between these cycles are triggered by combinations of three conditions: (1) the state of the boundaries, (2) the state of practices, and (3) the existence of actors with the capacity to undertake the boundary and practice work of a different institutional process. These findings contribute to untangling the paradox of embedded agency—how those subject to the institutions in a field can effect changes in them. We also contribute to an understanding of the processes and mechanisms that drive changes in the institutional lifecycle.
Journal Article
Does REDD+ Threaten to Recentralize Forest Governance?
A major new approach to emissions mitigation may interrupt a promising trend toward decentralized forest management. Over the past 25 years, developing countries have transitioned toward decentralized forest management that allows local actors increased rights and responsibilities ( 1 – 4 ), and has helped protect forests in many regions ( 5 , 6 ). A new approach to mitigating terrestrial emissions associated with climate change, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+), is poised to interrupt this trend. Given the implications for tropical forest management, REDD+ governance links should be a research priority ( 7 ).
Journal Article