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Im Gespräch mit Mechthild KIEGELMANN spricht Joseph MAXWELL über seinen akademischen Werdegang. Er beschreibt biografische Meilensteine wie Verunsicherung im Forschungsfeld als junger Anthropologe, die Arbeit als Forscher im Bereich Medizindidaktik, die Lehrtätigkeit an der Harvard Universität und seine Berufung an die George Mason Universität. Dort war er 20 Jahre lang tätig. Er stellt wichtige Grundgedanken seiner Arbeit vor wie sein Designmodell, den realist approach oder die Diskussion um Validität in der qualitativen Forschung, einschließlich der Frage der Generalisierung. MAXWELL berichtet von wichtigen Kolleg*innen und kommentiert überwundene Konflikte zwischen quantitativen und qualitativen Positionen. Lesende erhalten einen Einblick in seine Leidenschaft für die Philosophie. Seine Bescheidenheit und sein Engagement für die Lehre werden deutlich. In conversation with Mechthild KIEGELMANN, Joseph MAXWELL talked about his academic pathway. MAXWELL mentioned biographical phases such as being lost in the field as a young scholar of anthropology, working as a researcher in medical education, teaching at Harvard or getting tenure at George Mason University where he worked for 20 years. He introduced key milestones of his work: his design model, realist approach or validity in qualitative research and generalization. MAXWELL talked about important colleagues and commented on overcome divides between quantitative and qualitative positions. Readers get a glance of his passion about philosophy. His humility and commitment to teaching shone through.

Background: Promoting cycling to school may benefit establishing a lifelong physical activity routine. This systematic review aimed to summarize the evidence on strategies and effects of school-based interventions focusing on increasing active school transport by bicycle. Methods: A literature search based on \"PICo\" was conducted in eight electronic databases. Randomized and non-randomized controlled trials with primary/secondary school students of all ages were included that conducted pre-post measurements of a school-based intervention aimed at promoting active school travel by bicycle and were published in English between 2000 and 2019. The methodological quality was assessed using the \"Effective Public Health Practice Project\" tool for quantitative studies. Applied behavior change techniques were identified using the \"BCT Taxonomy v1\". Two independent researchers undertook the screening, data extraction, appraisal of study quality, and behavior change techniques. Results: Nine studies investigating seven unique interventions performed between 2012 and 2018 were included. All studies were rated as weak quality. The narrative synthesis identified 19 applied behavior change techniques clustered in eleven main groups according to their similarities and a variety of 35 different outcome variables classified into seven main groups. Most outcomes were related to active school travel and psychosocial factors, followed by physical fitness, physical activity levels, weight status, active travel and cycling skills. Four studies, examining in total nine different outcomes, found a significant effect in favor of the intervention group on bicycle trips to school (boys only), percentage of daily cycling trips to school, parental/child self-efficacy, parental outcome expectations, moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (total, from cycling, before/after school), and total basic cycling skills. Seven of these outcomes were only examined in two studies conducting the same intervention in children, a voluntary bicycle train to/from school accompanied by adults, including the following clustered main groups of behavior change techniques: shaping knowledge, comparison of behavior, repetition and substitution as well as antecedents. Conclusions: The applied strategies in a bicycle train intervention among children indicated great potential to increase cycling to school. Our findings provide relevant insights for the design and implementation of future school-based interventions targeting active school transport by bicycle. (Autor).

Research design is fundamental to all scientific endeavors, at all levels and in all institutional settings. In many social science disciplines, however, scholars working in an interpretive-qualitative tradition get little guidance on this aspect of research from the positivist-centered training they receive. This book is an authoritative examination of the concepts and processes underlying the design of an interpretive research project. Such an approach to design starts with the recognition that researchers are inevitably embedded in the intersubjective social processes of the worlds they study. In focusing on researchers' theoretical, ontological, epistemological, and methods choices in designing research projects, Schwartz-Shea and Yanow set the stage for other volumes in the Routledge Series on Interpretive Methods. They also engage some very practical issues, such as ethics reviews and the structure of research proposals. This concise guide explores where research questions come from, criteria for evaluating research designs, how interpretive researchers engage with \"world-making,\" context, systematicity and flexibility, reflexivity and positionality, and such contemporary issues as data archiving and the researcher's body in the field.

In this article, research conducted in the United States since 1987 on the effects of homework is summarized. Studies are grouped into four research designs. The authors found that all studies, regardless of type, had design flaws. However, both within and across design types, there was generally consistent evidence for a positive influence of homework on achievement. Studies that reported simple homework-achievement correlations revealed evidence that a stronger correlation existed (a) in Grades 7-12 than in K-6 and (b) when students rather than parents reported time on homework. No strong evidence was found for an association between the homework-achievement link and the outcome measure (grades as opposed to standardized tests) or the subject matter (reading as opposed to math). On the basis of these results and others, the authors suggest future research. (DIPF/Orig.).

Supervision and mentoring are highly relevant aspects of research integrity. Codes of Conduct, such as the ALLEA code of conduct, stipulate the relevance of training researchers how to conduct research well and about the role supervision plays in preventing unacceptable research practices. The Dutch Code of Conduct, for example, explicitly states that universities are responsible for facilitating training about research integrity. We developed a course for supervisors to address their responsibility and role in training early career researchers in research integrity. This contribution describes what evidence base was used to design this course and how the course is experienced by supervisors who participated in its piloting in early 2022. A total of 147 subscribed to the course in the testing phase, and seventeen participants obtained a certificate. The main lessons from the experiences with this course and the literature are 1) to tailor supervisor courses to the small amounts of time that supervisors can schedule to take these courses and to adjust the content and assignments to their needs, 2) to make online courses very attractive, but that need to be combined with 3) a face-to-face meeting to motivate them to finish the course in time and it might help to enable shared reflection by sharing personal experiences. (DIPF/Orig.).

Building on multi-perspectival research on narratives and responsibility ascriptions in the context of (past) collective violence and repression, I have developed the staged narrative analysis (SNA) to guide the systematic examination of complex and multi-layered narrative data in various research contexts. To introduce SNA in this article, I first discuss its development and then present its two components: 1., a flexible analytical framework to consider the content, structure, and context of storytelling by breaking down the analysis of narratives into the following dimensions: narrator, moment of telling, structure, and stories; and 2., a five-stage analytical procedure to enable an in-depth analysis of individual narratives from different data sources as well as a structured comparison between and across different perspectives. When presenting each of the five stages, i.e., orientation, setting the scene, zooming in, evaluation, and contrasting, I outline the techniques used applying my own empirical data as an example. Finally, I discuss the potential applications and adaptations of the SNA in other studies.

Die Einschätzung von Erwachsenen kann wichtig für die Erforschung von Interessen und Bedürfnissen von Kindern sein, aber auch Kinder sollten selbst als kompetente Informant:innen gesehen werden. Sozialwissenschaftliche Forschungsmethoden wurden üblicherweise für die Anwendung mit Erwachsenen entwickelt. Die somit implizierten Vorannahmen können aber mit Kindern als Forschungssubjekten problematisch sein. In der Forschung mit Kindern werden besondere Herausforderungen an Forschende und das Forschungsdesign gestellt, weil Kinder andere Bedürfnisse und Fähigkeiten als Erwachsene haben. Obwohl Kinder zunehmend Teil von Forschungsprojekten sind, wurden methodische und methodologische Überlegungen zu deren Inklusion bislang selten expliziert. In einer Studie zu digitalen Technologien im Leben von Kindern, gefördert von der Europäischen Kommission, haben wir Gruppendiskussionen mit Kindern im Vorschul- (5-6 Jahre) und Grundschulalter (8-10 Jahre) durchgeführt. Im vorliegenden Beitrag beschreiben wir unsere ursprünglichen methodischen Überlegungen und reflektieren unsere Erfahrungen, um allgemeine Empfehlungen für Gruppendiskussionen mit Kindern abzuleiten. Wir fokussieren auf das Setting, die formale Struktur des Leitfadens, das Modertor:innenverhalten, die Gruppendynamik, Altersunterschiede, Fähigkeiten der Kinder sowie ethische Implikationen. Abschließend fassen wir Herausforderungen und Potenziale von Gruppendiskussionen mit jungen Kindern zusammen. The assessments of adults are important in the study of the interests and needs of children, but children themselves should also be viewed as competent informants. Social research methodologies have typically been developed for use with adults, and children might challenge underlying assumptions. Particular demands are placed on research design and researchers when researching children, owing to their different needs and abilities. Although children are involved in a growing number of research projects, methodological considerations around their inclusion have been rarely explicated. In a European study on digital devices in the lives of children, we planned and conducted focus groups with preschool (5-6 years of age) and primary school children (8-10 years of age). In this contribution, we share our initial rationales and methodologically reflect on our experiences in order to derive recommendations for conducting focus groups with young children. We concentrate on the setting, formal structure of the schedule, moderator behavior, group dynamic and age differences, skills, and ethical implications. We conclude by outlining strengths and weaknesses of employing focus groups with young children.

Self-reported grades are heavily used in research and applied settings because of the importance of grades and the convenience of obtaining self-reports. This study reviews and meta-analytically summarizes the literature on the accuracy of self-reported grades, class ranks, and test scores. Results based on a pairwise sample of 60,926 subjects indicate that self-reported grades are less construct valid than many scholars believe. Furthermore, self-reported grade validity was strongly moderated by actual levels of school performance and cognitive ability. These findings suggest that self-reported grades should be used with caution. Situations in which self-reported grades can be employed more safely are identified, and suggestions for their use in research are discussed.

This literature review summarizes research on online teaching and learning. It is organized into four topics: course environment, learners' outcomes, learners' characteristics, and institutional and administrative factors. The authors found little consistency of terminology, discovered some conclusive guidelines, and identified developing lines of inquiry. The conclusions overall suggests that most of the studies reviewed were descriptive and exploratory, that most online students are nontraditional and Anglo American, and that few universities have written policies, guidelines, or technical support for faculty members or students. Asynchronous communication seemed to facilitate in-depth communication (but not more than in traditional classes), students liked to move at their own pace. Learning outcomes appeared to be the same as in traditional courses, and students with prior training in computers were more satisfied with online courses. Continued research is needed to inform learner outcomes, learner characteristics, course environment, and institutional factors related to delivery system variables in order to test learning theories and teaching models inherent in course design. (DIPF/Orig.).

The concept and practice of teacher leadership have gained momentum in the past two decades. Teachers are assuming more leadership functions at both instructional and organizational levels of practice. Empirical literature reveals numerous small-scale, qualitative studies that describe dimensions of teacher leadership practice, teacher leader characteristics, and conditions that promote and challenge teacher leadership. Less is known about how teacher leadership develops and about its effects. In addition, the construct of teacher leadership is not well defined, conceptually or operationally. Future research focused on the differentiated paths by which teachers influence organizational capacity, professionalism, instructional improvement, and student learning has the potential to advance the practice of teacher leadership. A conceptual framework is offered to guide such inquiry.