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大陸唯冠公司控訴蘋果電腦公司的iPad商標訴訟是一顛覆傳統商標侵權認知的「反向混淆」案件。為了保障商標權人及消費者的權益，「混淆誤認」一直是商標侵權與否的重要判斷因素，傳統商標侵權中又以「正向混淆」案件為主，亦即在後商標使用者在自己的商品或服務上使用他人已註冊之著名商標，造成消費者混淆，藉以獲取不正利益。但迥異於傳統商標侵權「小企業攀附大企業」的搭便車印象，反向混淆案件恰巧「反客為主」，商標擁有者的商標本不具知名度，在具市場影響力之在後使用者透過大規模的廣告宣傳與行銷策略的拉抬下，營造了系爭商標的品牌價值，但也弱化系爭商標與商標權人間的緊密聯繫，造成消費者認為此商標屬於侵權者的錯誤印象。正向混淆及反向混淆案件在事實構成及損害結果方面有極大的差異，傳統的商標侵權理論是否可適用於反向混淆案件？又商標使用背後所代表的是一追求利益最大化的商業活動，先註冊主義精神的維護與商標價值最大化的追求，孰輕孰重？反向混淆理論的正當性亦面臨經濟效益觀點的挑戰。

 To compare effects of clinical Pilates and home exercises on postural disorders, strength and endurance of deep cervical flexors (DCF), cervical range of motion (CROM), pain intensity and functional disability in sagittal cervical disorientation. : Fourty six patients were included and divided into two groups. Clinical Pilates group performed stabilization based exercise and home exercise group performed conventional exercises. Craniovertebral, head tilt, cervicothoracic angles and strength and endurance of DCF muscles had improvement in favor of clinical Pilates group (p < 0.05). There was no difference between groups in terms of right–left acromial distance, pain intensity, functional disability and CROM parameters (p > 0.05). Clinical Pilates exercises have been found to provide clinically significant improvements in craniovertebral, head tilt, cervicothoracic angles and strength and endurance of DCF muscles. However, in the increase of CROM, decreasing pain severity and functional impairment parameters there was no superiority of both exercise training.  (Clinicaltrials.gov).

This paper explores Ed Miliband’s evocation of One Nation in his 2012 Labour party conference speech. It first surveys the views of members of the Parliamentary Labour Party (PLP) and key advisors to Miliband on One Nation, with a focus on the debates surrounding its purpose and substance. What becomes clear is the amount of confusion amongst backbenchers and shadow cabinet members of the PLP regarding its purpose. Second, the paper explains the respective, and drastically different, positions of the Policy Review team and Ed Miliband and his leadership team over the purpose of One Nation. Third, this paper highlights that there was a fundamental disconnection between the two principal centres of policymaking under the tenure of Ed Miliband’s leadership and that this ultimately undermined One Nation by allowing Ed Miliband quietly to drop it for a ‘cost of living’ narrative. It concludes that the evocation of One Nation was a missed opportunity for the Labour party, which subsequently allowed the Conservatives to reclaim that territory.

Opponents of currency hedging sometimes argue that hedging is appropriate only if a large fraction of the portfolio is allocated to foreign assets. Although it is usually true that the effect of currency hedging is greater for large allocations to foreign assets than it is for small allocations, it does not follow that the minimum-risk hedge ratio increases with foreign asset exposure. Under typical circumstances, the fraction of currency exposure to be hedged in order to minimize risk increases as foreign asset exposure decreases. Therefore, per unit of exposure, it is more relevant to hedge currency risk for small allocations to foreign assets than for large allocations, and some currency hedging is optimal even for portfolios with no foreign assets.