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"Fourth dimension."
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Velimir Khlebnikov and the Fourth Dimension
The developments in mathematics in the nineteenth century, in particular non-Euclidean geometry, which was not concerned with flat space, but with curvature, led at the end of the century and the beginning of the next one to much discussion of and experiments with the fourth dimension. The idea of a fourth dimension played a major role in the arts. In literature the Symbolists were convinced that there existed a “higher” reality behind the visible one and tried to suggest it in their poetry. In pictorial art and sculpture completely new forms emerged that distorted reality and in that way showed that one had to look at the world in a different way; there was something beyond the usual three dimensions. Many artists consciously tried to visualize this “beyondness”, the fourth dimension. The followers of the idea of a higher reality considered the fourth dimension as time, most artists as space. Much influence in the discussion about the fourth dimension had Charles Howard Hinton and, especially in Russia, Pyotr Ouspensky; both wrote a book entitled The Fourth Dimension (1904 and 1909, respectively), in which they propagated their ideas. The Futurist poet Velimir Klebnikov did not explicitly mention the fourth dimension in his work, but in view of his scientific interests (he studied mathematics at the University of Kazan, one of whose most celebrated scientists was Nikolai Lobachevsky, the founder of non-Euclidean geometry) and his close ties with the avant-garde painters, he was undoubtedly aware of the ideas about the fourth dimension in his time. Khlebnikov compared himself with Lobachevsky and used his geometry in his own description of the cities of the future. With his experiments with language and numerals he tried to find a new meaning behind the usual ones, and he made endless calculations to determine the laws of time: there must be some principle that rules the continuous stream of events. Establishing this principle, one might transcend history and ultimately find a solution for fate and death. His entire work is devoted to the search of a new dimension.
Journal Article
Spatially isotropic four-dimensional imaging with dual-view plane illumination microscopy
A dual-view light sheet microscope allows high-speed imaging with an isotropic spatial resolution
Optimal four-dimensional imaging requires high spatial resolution in all dimensions, high speed and minimal photobleaching and damage. We developed a dual-view, plane illumination microscope with improved spatiotemporal resolution by switching illumination and detection between two perpendicular objectives in an alternating duty cycle. Computationally fusing the resulting volumetric views provides an isotropic resolution of 330 nm. As the sample is stationary and only two views are required, we achieve an imaging speed of 200 images/s (i.e., 0.5 s for a 50-plane volume). Unlike spinning-disk confocal or Bessel beam methods, which illuminate the sample outside the focal plane, we maintain high spatiotemporal resolution over hundreds of volumes with negligible photobleaching. To illustrate the ability of our method to study biological systems that require high-speed volumetric visualization and/or low photobleaching, we describe microtubule tracking in live cells, nuclear imaging over 14 h during nematode embryogenesis and imaging of neural wiring during
Caenorhabditis elegans
brain development over 5 h.
Journal Article
Starobinsky–Bel–Robinson Gravity
A novel string-inspired gravitational theory in four spacetime dimensions is proposed as a sum of the modified (R+αR2) gravity motivated by the Starobinsky inflation and the leading Bel–Robinson-tensor-squared correction to the gravitational effective action of superstrings/M-theory compactified down to four dimensions. The possible origin of the theory from higher dimensions is revealed. The proposed Starobinsky–Bel–Robinson action has only two free parameters, which makes it suitable for verifiable physical applications in black hole physics, cosmological inflation and Hawking radiation.
Journal Article
Heidegger's Ontological Project
This long-awaited volume of The Collected Writings of John
Sallis presents his lectures on Martin Heidegger's monumental
Being and Time .
The lectures were presented during the 1985-86 academic year at
Loyola University of Chicago and during the fall semester of 1999
at Pennsylvania State University. The fourteen years separating the
beginning of the two courses is significant in that numerous
additional volumes appeared in the Gesamtausgabe and
influenced Sallis's interpretation of Being and Time .
This book is a synthesis of the manuscripts of the two separate
lecture courses. This volume makes Being and Time
accessible to students, while the most advanced scholars will also
profit from it.
eBook
La representacion de las propiedades temporales de los enunciados linguisticos a traves de un modelo matematico
En este artículo usamos un modelo matemático para codificar las propiedades temporales de los enunciados lingüísticos en cualquier lengua por medio de objetos matemáticos--puntos, líneas, segmentos, vectores y versores--y las relaciones que se establecen entre ellos en un espacio cuatridimensional. Estas propiedades temporales son codificadas a través de tres sistemas diferentes: tiempo--pasado, presente y futuro--que ubica el enunciado en una línea temporal, aspecto--perfectividad y progresividad--que configura el punto de vista del hablante, y Aktionsart, que hace referencia a propiedades temporales estructurales de los enunciados, como la telicidad--si el evento tiene un punto final o no--la dinamicidad--si hay cambio o no--y la duración. Este modelo aspira a ser independiente de lenguas particulares de tal forma que permita la codificación de las propiedades temporales de los enunciados en cualquier lengua, lo que lo hace idóneo como interlengua en aplicaciones de Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural (PLN), mejorando significativamente la capacidad de estas aplicaciones de comprender el lenguaje natural en motores de búsqueda, así como en sistemas de traducción automática. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo es que este modelo alcance adecuación computacional.
Journal Article
Optimizing Reinforcement Bar Fabrication in Construction Projects via Multi-Dimensional Applications in Building Information Modeling
Steel reinforcement is one of the most important materials used in the construction industry. This research optimizes reinforcement bar fabrication by integrating Building Information Modeling (BIM) with visual programming in Dynamo. On-site rebar cutting and bending generate significant material waste, increasing costs and environmental impact. To address this, an intelligent Dynamo script was developed to extract detailed 3D rebar and 4D scheduling data from BIM models. The script optimizes material usage by specifying cut-off lengths to improve reuse and minimize waste. Validation through two real-world case studies demonstrated the method’s significant potential. Effectiveness was assessed using benchmarks comparing the number of bars saved, waste reduced, and overall cost savings. The study confirms that optimized fabrication significantly cuts waste and cost. Its effectiveness, however, varies with rebar type and structural component, with the most significant gains observed in medium-length bars and pile caps. By offering a novel tool for sustainable construction, this research advances BIM-enabled reinforcement design and material optimization.
Journal Article
