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The Persian mirror : French reflections of the Safavid empire in early modern France
The Persian Mirror explores France's preoccupation with Persia in the seventeenth century. Long before Montesquieu's Persian Letters, French intellectuals, diplomats and even ordinary Parisians were fascinated by Persia and eagerly consumed travel accounts, fairy tales, and the spectacle the Persian ambassador's visit to Paris and Versailles in 1715. Using diplomatic sources, fiction and printed and painted images, The Persian Mirror describes how the French came to see themselves in Safavid Persia. In doing so, it revises our notions of orientalism and the exotic and suggests that early modern Europeans had more nuanced responses to Asia than previously imagined.
Book
Orientalism Versus Occidentalism
At a time when Iran is represented in the French media as a rogue state obsessed with its nuclear programme, and whilst France is portrayed in the Iranian media as a decadent and imperialist country, this book examines the ways in which these representations and stereotypes are shared, nuanced, or overcome beyond the sphere of the fourth estate. Here, Laetitia Nanquette examines the functions, processes and mechanisms of stereotyping and imagining the 'Other' that have pervaded the literary traditions of France and Iran when writing about each other. Orientalism versus Occidentalism explores the extent to which orientalism and occidentalism have each influenced and are in turn perpetuated in the texts of both French and Iranian authors. And conversely, it also looks at the consequences of attempts by authors to distance themselves from these two discourses. After both using and questioning the dichotomy of orientalism and occidentalism, Nanquette details how France and Iran represent each other in the contemporary period through their narrative literature in prose, by listing and classifying all the ways in which they do so. She examines the image of the Other in the works of writers such as Goli Taraqi, Bernard Ollivier and Marjane Satrapi. In order to explore this, Nanquette draws upon a broad range of literary genres such as the historical novel, travel writing and autobiography. This exploration of the literary traditions of the relationship between France and Iran is used to shed light on the cultural history of Franco-Iranian relations and on contemporary socio-political realities. With themes that feed into popular debates about the nature of orientalism and occidentalism, and how the two interact, this book will be vital for researchers of Middle Eastern literature and its relationship with writings from the West, as well as those working on the cultures of the Middle East.
eBook
Comments by the French Ambassador Raoul Delaye Memorandum for the Files
France-Iran relations continue to be friendly despite the presence of Shapour Bakhtiar in Paris, France evidenced by plans to complete Construction projects on Electric power plants Tabriz, Iran
Government Document
France and Iran Mend Rift Over Loan Granted by Shah
The dispute dates back to the 1979 Iranian revolution, when a new Islamic Government in Teheran demanded that France repay with interest the $1 billion that Shah Mohammed Riza Pahlevi lent in 1974 to the Eurodif nuclear consortium. France had agreed in return to help Iran build nuclear power plants and to supply the plants with enriched uranium from the Eurodif consortium and its affiliates. After the Shah was overthrown in 1979, Iran demanded repayment of the debt and canceled the nuclear project. France refused to repay Iran, saying the money should go toward compensating French companies hurt by Iran's abrogation of the contract or whose assets were seized by Iran. On Oct. 2, an arbitration panel in Switzerland ruled that Teheran had to pay $700 million in damages to three French companies. In a radio interview today, Mr. [Roland Dumas] said President Francois Mitterrand, was planning to visit Iran this fall. It would be only the second trip by a Western head of state to Iran since the Islamic revolution; President Kurt Waldheim of Austria visited Teheran in June. Iran Demands Uranium
Newspaper Article
Paris Accuses Iranian in Killing of Shah's Premier
An Iranian businessman who has reportedly admitted having ties to Iran's intelligence services has been charged with criminal conspiracy as an accomplice in the killing of a prominent Iranian opposition leader, Shahpur Bakhtiar, and his secretary outside Paris last month. The French press has said that Mr. [Massoud Hendi] has also implicated the Iranian Interior Ministry in the plot to kill Mr. Bakhtiar, who was the Shah of Iran's last Prime Minister before the Islamic revolution of 1979. The Teheran Government has denied any involvement in the killing, blaming squabbling exile groups. Mr. Hendi's arrest has nonetheless raised puzzling questions, including why he returned to Paris last week if he was an accomplice in the Bakhtiar case and why he was not jailed in Teheran if he had in fact admitted working with French intelligence. Since 1987, he has said, he was involved in trade between France and Iran.
Newspaper Article
Mitterrand Will Visit Iran; Easing Teheran's Isolation
The loan, which has been the subject of lengthy and complicated negotiations over the last 12 years, was made by the Iranian Government in 1974 to France's agency for nuclear energy, the C.E.A. It was extended in return for French assistance to Iran to set up its own nuclear reactors and feed them with enriched uranium imported from the French agency and its affiliates. France for its part said it would lead the way for Iran to normalize ties with the rest of the European Community. Iran has over the last few years resumed its ties with all 12 members of the community, including Britain, which still has hostages in Lebanon. Lebanese terrorists are holding six Americans in Lebanon and Iran maintains that the United States owes it $10 billion in frozen assets and interest on money paid by the [Shah] to buy weapons that were never delivered by the United States after the Iranian revolution. The United States has refused to enter any talks with Iran before the American hostages are freed.
Newspaper Article
France Releases 5 Terrorists And Sends Them to Teheran
He said ''there has been suspicion that France was looking for a decent interval'' before releasing Mr. [Naccache] and the others. ''This can either be seen as fulfilling an old agreement, avoiding the possibility of provoking new terrorist operations against French nationals, or as part of a larger diplomatic effort to insure good relations in the Middle East,'' he said. Mr. Bahktiar, who lives in Paris, made several appearances on television tonight and seemed annoyed. He told an interviewer: ''I think that the West may have the illusion that by making concessions to the moderate clergy, or what is called the moderate clergy, they will benefit. This is an illusion.'' In another newscast he said, ''How can you exchange assassins for innocent people?'' By making one concession after another, he said, ''you end up capitulating.'' Five convicted terrorists have been freed by France and sent to Iran, but France has denied that a ''deal or exchange'' was made. From left are Anis Naccache, Salaheddine al-Kaara, Fauozi Mohammed al-Satari, Mehdi Nejad Tabrizzi and Mohammed Jawat Jeneb. (Photographs by Reuters)
Newspaper Article
France Spurns Iranians Over Uranium Request
The request came as a surprise, , particularly since Iran does not have a single operating nuclear reactor, and therefore, no use for enriched uranium. Enriched uranium can be used to operate reactors or build nuclear weapons.
Newspaper Article
Iran Tells the Europeans That It Doesn't Back Terror
More than a dozen Western ambassadors were summoned to a meeting today at which a senior Foreign Ministry official declared that Iran's position was being misrepresented. Iran has also backed away from a statement carried earlier this week on the official Iranian Republic News Agency that described the attacks as God's retribution and the beginning of the end for Israel. Britain, France, Germany and other countries have long expressed deep skepticism toward Washington's claims about the extent of Iran's support of terrorism. They have also argued that Iran's behavior is more likely to be modified by engagement with the outside world than by economic isolation.
Newspaper Article
3 Iranians Go on Trial in France in Slaying of Exiled Ex-Premier
In a case that has already strained relations between Paris and Teheran, three Iranians went on trial here today for the 1991 slaying of Shahpur Bakhtiar, an exiled former Iranian Prime Minister. French prosecutors are expected to argue that the killing had Iranian Government approval. Relations between France and Iran seem certain to deteriorate again if prosecutors succeed in demonstrating that the slaying of Mr. Bakhtiar and his secretary, Sarouch Katibeth, was planned and approved at the highest levels of Iran's Government. Teheran has denied any role in the killings. The three killers were able to pass police checks and enter Mr. Bakhtiar's home in the western suburb of Suresnes because one of the men was known to Mr. Bakhtiar as an Iranian exile. Mr. Bakhtiar and Mr. Katibeth were strangled and then repeatedly stabbed with a kitchen knife, and the attackers escaped.
Newspaper Article