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On June 28, 1832, Nathaniel Hawthorne penned a letter to Franklin Pierce describing plans for a Northern tour through New York into Canada, a trip that he was forced to postpone due to the 1832 cholera outbreak in Montreal. Hawthorne intended to gather tales for The Story Teller on this ill-timed trip, but the trip was never made and the collection of interlinked traveling tales never published. The author of this note paper considers the cholera epidemic's impact on Hawthorne's writing life and how it reverberates through her own writing of historical fiction during the 2020 coronavirus pandemic.

One hundred and fifty years after Kansas was admitted to the Union, we still find ourselves fascinated by the specter of \"Bleeding Kansas\" and the violence that preceded the American Civil War by five years. Although ample attention has been devoted to understanding why territorial violence broke out in Kansas in 1856, of equal concern but less illuminated is the question of why government, both local and national, allowed the violence to continue unstanched for so long. This question is fundamentally about governance-its existence, exercise, limits, and continuance-and its study has ramifications for understanding both Kansas events and why the American experiment in government failed in 1861. In addition, the book also sheds light on the nature of democracy, the challenges of implanting it in distant environs, the necessity of cooperation at the various levels of government, and the value of strong leadership. To Govern the Devil in Hell uses the prism of governance to investigate what went wrong in territorial Kansas. From the first elections in late 1854 and early 1855, local government was tarnished with cries of illegitimacy that territorial officials could not ameliorate. Soon after, a shadow government was created which further impeded local management of territorial challenges. Ultimately, this book addresses why Presidents Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan failed to act, what hindered Congress from stepping into the void, and why and how the lack of effective governance harmed Kansas and later the United States.

Informed by thousands of pages of newly released FBI files, The Kidnapping and Murder of Little Skeegie Cash tells the gripping story of the only crime investigated by J. Edgar Hoover himself, the sensational 1938 murder of a five-year-old boy from the Florida Everglades. In his long and storied career, J. Edgar Hoover investigated only one case personally, the 1938 kidnapping and murder of five-year-old Floridian James “Skeegie” Cash. What prompted the director himself to fly from Washington, DC, to a rain-drenched hamlet on the edge of the Everglades? Congress had slashed FBI funding, forcing Hoover to lay off half his agents. The combative Hoover believed if he could bring Skeegie’s killer to justice, the halo of positive publicity would revive the fortunes of the embattled FBI. In The Kidnapping and Murder of Little Skeegie Cash , Robert A. Waters and Zack C. Waters bring to life the drama of the abduction, the payment of a $10,000 ransom, the heartbreaking manhunt for Skeegie and his kidnapper, the arrest and confession of Franklin Pierce McCall, and the killer’s trial and execution. Hordes of reporters swarmed into the little village south of Miami, and for thirteen days until McCall confessed, the case dominated national headlines. The authors capture the drama and the detail as well as the desperate and sometimes extralegal lengths to which Hoover went to crack the case. Using the Freedom of Information Act, the authors obtained more than four thousand pages of FBI files and court documents to reconstruct this important but forgotten case. The tragedy that played out in the swamps of Dade County constituted the backdrop for a political struggle that would involve J. Edgar Hoover, the United States Congress, and even president Franklin Delano Roosevelt. Hoover and the president prevailed, and within two years the FBI grew from 680 employees to more than 14,000. No books and few articles have been published about this historic case.

This article examines federal officials' attitudes towards illegal filibustering expeditions, using as a case study the U.S. Navy's role in defeating William Walker's 1853–1854 expedition to Baja California and Sonora, Mexico. The officers of the U.S.S. Portsmouth (especially former Democratic newspaper editor Levi Slamm), fraternized with filibusters, evacuated their wounded, and published expansionist sentiments. Yet even expansionist officers generally disapproved of filibustering's lawlessness and tendency to damage America's reputation and diplomatic attempts to buy territory legally. This article uncovers how many apparently sympathetic actions by officers and other frontier officials were actually covert and indirect anti-filibustering tactics that they adopted to compensate for local sympathy for the invaders, lack of support from Washington, and poorly defined (or nonexistent) authority to act more decisively. Although these tactics could subvert individual filibustering expeditions like Walker's, by not openly and directly opposing filibustering, they undermined U.S. diplomatic and political aims in the long term.

How It Worked for Me at the ASSP Professional Development Conference One group that has provided me with the best support system in my professional life has been ASSP's Women in Safety Excellence (WISE) Common Interest Group. Preparing myself for the WISE events (e.g., lounge, retreat, networking night out), building a strong support community, and scheduling personal reflection time (e.g., time alone at the hotel, taking a walk, sitting in a quiet place) have made my conference trips a success. Jaime K. Ingalls, D.A., M.P.H., works as a concept development representative vice president at Ferro Productions-Ferro City, designing digital city learning platforms for organizations.

As the forces of racial anxiety and pandemic combined in America in 2020 in the BLM protests and COVID-19 outbreak, so too they combine in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Marble Faun (1860) in the form of antebellum racism and malaria. Written shortly after his European tour, Hawthorne's final novel, which is packed with comments about the poisonous Roman air, features New England artists Hilda and Kenyon who must navigate Italy without becoming degraded, while Italians Miriam and Donatello belong to the corruption that Italy breeds. The pestilence oozing between the lines of this novel is born out of racial transgressions; though different in scope from America's enslavement of Africans, the tension between white, Protestant American culture and Catholic Italy speaks to the same neuroses haunting the American psyche of not only the 1850s but also the twenty-first century. The American characters' separation from the Roman atmosphere mirrors the growing separation between North and South during the runup to the Civil War. Like America, Italy was on the verge of war, although as a force of unification instead of dissolution; yet for both. Hawthorne subverts the open discussion of any political tension to the level of a diseased atmosphere. KEYWORDS The Marble Faun, Nathaniel Hawthorne, miasma, racism, pandemic

This study describes physician assistant students' perception toward online didactic education and highlights relationships between student characteristics and their preference for online learning. A previously validated survey questionnaire was administered online to physician assistant students enrolled in traditional, in-person training programs across the United States. The survey consisted of five Likert-scale statements measuring perceptions of online learning and was rated on a seven-point Likert scale. Students also reported their age, gender, history of taking an online course, and preferred learning style. Mean scores were reported for agreement with each Likert-scale statement; Pearson correlation coefficients, one-way ANOVA with post hoc Tukey tests, and independent samples t-tests were used to determine relationships between student characteristics and their preference for online learning. A total of 391 completed surveys met the inclusion criteria for the study and were used in data analysis. The average age of respondents was 25.98 years, 81.1% (n = 317) were female, 96.2%, (n = 376) reported taking an online course previously, and preferred learning styles were reported as 36.1% (n = 141) visual, 7.7% (n = 30) auditory, 15.6% (n = 61) reading/writing, and 40.7% (n = 159) kinesthetic. Nearly a quarter of respondents indicated they preferred online courses, particularly students with a preferred learning style of reading/writing. No relationships were observed between age, gender, or history of taking an online course and preference for online education. Most physician assistant students prefer in-person learning. However, a substantial number prefer online learning, and a significant number of these students reported a preferred learning style of reading/writing. More research is necessary to give educational institutions the ability to make data-driven, student-centered program development decisions. However, data in this study indicate a need for continued development of online/hybrid physician assistant programs to better align with current student preferences.

[...]Hawthorne insinuates the new sufferings the recently freed slaves will face when he characterizes them as \"fauns,\" rhetoric that also indicates their liminal status in terms of citizenship. 1. According to Fields, Hawthorne \"said the whole description of the interview and the President's personal appearance were, to his mind, the only parts of the article worth publishing. [...]in 1863, when Hawthorne could see no end to the Civil War, he describes \"Old Abe\" to Henry Bright as \"an honest man, I do believe, but with extra folly enough to make up for his singular lack of knavery\" (18:544), and several months later he writes to Elizabeth E Peabody, \"I despise the current administration with all my heart\" (18:592). [...]as Nina Baym has noted, Hawthorne was irritated by the change in office that caused him to lose his consulate position (267). [...]in \"A Plea for Captain John Brown\" and \"The Last Days of John Brown,\" Thoreau uses apocalyptic imagery to describe Brown as a supernatural reordering force (148).

In the summer of 1852, allies and detractors alike believed Hawthorne to be writing the biography out of desire for political appointment, a possibility that seems more confirmed than dispelled by the angry denials of his sister Louisa and wife Sophia.20 Hawthorne himself disavowed self-interestedness, but even before Pierce had won the election, Hawthorne was eyeing the consulship at Liverpool - the most lucrative appointment the new president would have at his disposal - and maneuvering on behalf of friends for other appointments.21 The consulship would afford prestige and income enough to yield relief from the ever-present need to publish, a demand Hawthorne had felt all the more keenly since the birth of his third child in May 1 85 1 .22 Concerned about sales even as he wrote, Hawthorne prodded his publisher, William Ticknor, to promote the Life aggressively: \"I think you must blaze away a little harder in your advertisement,\" he insisted before delivering exact advice about the wording and arrangement of future ads. Since Hawthorne frequently articulates the moral lessons readers are to glean in The Tanglewood Tales (one of its aesthetic failings according to recent critics), we might expect an explicit reproach for the Pygmies' truculence; but, while the tale lampoons their self-assuredness and their grandiloquence, no such direct censure is forthcoming.30 In the Life of Pierce, Hawthorne represents political oratory as inherently corrupt, and as Michael Gilmore has argued, he accordingly portrays his candidate as \"a man of deeds, not words.\" [...]Hawthorne attributes Hercules's forbearance to the \"brotherhood\" that he perceives himself to share with his defiant enemies, \"as one hero feels for another\" (7:233). [...]Hercules, while exercising a peaceful restraint in his treatment of the Pygmies, is himself no pacifist, having quite casually provoked Antaeus into their fatal brawl. Leading children's authors, including Goodrich and Jacob Abbott (author of the prolific Rollo series) and editors of juvenile magazines instead preached the virtues of sober sketches and moral parables featuring everyday protagonists who would be rewarded for their adherence to conventional antebellum social norms and punished for their failures at self-regulation.33 Moralistic tales promoting temperance and pacifism were especially pervasive in children's literature of mid-century.34 As Goodrich was among Hawthorne's earliest supporters, having supplied him with the opportunity to publish in his gift-book, The Token, and for the Peter Parley series in the 1830s, Hawthorne was certainly well- versed in the Goodrich school of juvenile literature.

Millard Fillmore's lips were on that teacup. would be complete without our 14th president, Franklin Pierce, the only president from New Hampshire. Joan Woodhead is president of the Pierce Brigade. Founded in 1966 to rescue Concord, New Hampshire's Pierce Manse from destruction - and to salvage the reputation of the man who once lived here.