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Over the last four decades, as China has transitioned from a socialist centralized economy to a productivity-and-efficiency-oriented market economy, so too have the country’s public and private spheres become increasingly differentiated. Although others attribute changing gender inequality to the market transition, we draw from Chinese feminist critical analyses and propose a theoretical framework regarding how the two-sphere separation in contemporary China, embedded in how gender equality was organized in the socialist time, has been driven by the state and is further justified by changing gender ideologies. We review the existing literature and identify gaps in research on how women’s disadvantages in the public and private spheres—in the labor market and within the family—mutually reinforce each other in post-reform urban China. We also discuss how the dynamics of, and interactions between, the two spheres are justified by a changing gender ideology. Finally, by exploring gender inequality in the process of the two-sphere separation in a transitional context, we make an important contribution to the general sociological and gender literature.

This paper aims to examine the feasibility of the rights balancing test as a tool to resolve disputes between the right of image and other rights in the sports arena. The controversy arising between professional wrestler Adolfo Tapia Ibarra and the company AAA is taken as a case study. The methodology employed is based on a documentary analysis of specialized information, including doctrine, regulations, and case law, with a particular emphasis on the application of the rights balancing method. As a result, the characteristics of the right of image, its scope and protection in the sports context, as well as the rights that may conflict with it, such as the right to freedom of enterprise and copyright, are addressed. Based on this analysis, the rights balancing test is applied to the Adolfo Tapia Ibarra Vs AAA case to illustrate its practical application in the resolution of this type of controversy.

Higher education and its public nature have long been a focal point in discussion in China, which regains wider attention along with tendencies to marketization and privatization in education. This study aims to explore public good(s) in higher education as well as the state/higher education institutions relations in China. Drawing on qualitative data from 24 semi-structured interviews in universities and government departments, findings of this study show different interpretations of (global) public/common good(s) in the context of higher education in China and suggest that higher education in China may be better described in relation to common good(s) than public good(s), though the link between higher education and government is strong. As a common good, higher education in China contributes to global common good(s) in various aspects. (HRK / Abstract übernommen).

It is widely believed that China's growing links to the global economy are translating into increased Chinese political influence abroad. This article explores this possibility quantitatively by examining whether increased trade with China correlates with an increased willingness by countries to accommodate Chinese interests. I use newly collected data that capture cross-national variation in the willingness of individual countries to support Chinese government positions relating to Taiwan and Tibet, and China's status as a market economy. I find that increased trade dependence on China is correlated with an increased likelihood of taking an accommodating stance on the economic issue (market economy status). But the evidence linking trade to an accommodating stance on the political issues is more ambiguous.

This paper examines the consequences of China’s dramatic socioeconomic and political transformations for individual subjective well-being (SWB) from 1990 to 2007. Although many still consider China to be a collectivist country, and some scholars have argued that collectivist factors would be important predictors of individual well-being in such a context, our analysis demonstrates that the Chinese are increasingly prioritizing individualist factors in assessments of their own happiness and life satisfaction thus substantiating descriptions of their society as increasingly individualistic. While the vast majority of quality of life studies have focused on Westerners, this study contributes findings from the unique cultural context of China. Moreover, concentration on this particular period in Chinese history offers insight into the relationship between SWB and rapid socioeconomic and political change.

PurposeThe present study has been designed with the aim to determine whether there are differences in individual entrepreneurial orientation (IEO) between students, doing their major in business studies and the ones whose areas of study are science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM).Design/methodology/approachThe theoretical research methods comprise the review of secondary sources to build a sound theoretical framework for the research activities. The empirical research method is a survey in Latvia and Poland applying non-parametric inferential statistical methods as well as linear regression analysis to investigate which factors and components contribute to EO orientation development among different groups of students, and, thus, verify the research hypotheses.FindingsThe yielded research results demonstrate that there are significant differences between business and STEM students when they analyze their IEO. It turned out that STEM students obtain significantly lower scores for risk-taking and innovation but higher for proactiveness. Additionally, it was detected that the chosen field of study affects students’ perception of educational support, thus, influencing their innovation, proactiveness, and risk propensity characteristics.Research limitations/implicationsIn this research, the authors focused on exploring IEO among business and STEM students in Latvia and Poland, hence the findings cannot be one-to-one applied to other countries.Practical implicationsThe topicality of the theme is determined by the fact that changes in external environment require higher educational institutions (HEIs) in Latvia and Poland to foster their entrepreneurial ecosystems and re-master study programs both for business and STEM students as well as conduct projects that include students, academic staff, and business representatives – the transformation is necessary to create positive attitude towards entrepreneurship among the students and help them to consider entrepreneurial career path later.Originality/valueFactors and components which contribute to IEO development among different groups of students are under-researched in the Baltic countries, experiencing systemic transformation. The authors believe that universities can use the analysis of their students’ IEO to allocate their resources in a better way, adjust curricula to the real needs of students and facilitate entrepreneurship.

Purpose This study aimed to examine the impact of learning organization (LO) on job satisfaction and individual performance in Vietnamese enterprises. The study further explores the mediating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between learning organization and employee performance. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from 653 employees from various types of organizations in Vietnam. Structural equation modeling was implemented to test the hypotheses. Findings The results revealed that the proposed research model was supported. Results indicated that LOs positively influenced employees’ job satisfaction and the broader range of their individual performance. In addition, employees’ job satisfaction motivated them to achieve higher performance levels. The study also found a mediating effect of job satisfaction on the relationship between LO and employee performance. The results underscore the importance of implementing an LO culture for individual outcomes such as job satisfaction and employee performance in the Vietnamese cultural context, which is based on socialism and Confucianism. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine the relationships among LO, job satisfaction and individual employee performance in the Vietnamese context. The results offer a deeper understanding of the LO concept in the Vietnamese cultural context and highlight the cultural impact on the LO concept and its effects. The results suggest how the LO concept is applied in the Vietnamese context.

This paper reviews evidence about the impact of marketing on ill health. We summarize evidence that marketing practices in six industries (tobacco, alcohol, pharmaceutical, processed food, firearm, and fossil fuel) are causal influences on the occurrence of injury, disease, and premature death. For each industry, we provide a brief overview on the extent of harmful marketing, efforts from each industry to obscure or otherwise conceal the impact of their marketing strategies, and efforts to counter the impact of harmful marketing in these industries. However, considering the ubiquitous belief that regulation is harmful to society, little headway has been made in reducing harmful marketing. We propose the substitution of a public health framework for the currently dominant free market ideology. Doing so would situate harmful marketing as a social determinant of health and consolidate the disparate efforts to regulate marketing of harmful products. Implications for future policy and research efforts are discussed.

This paper attempts to update one of the most entrenched controversies in the field of social mobility: the idea, as maintained by Featherman, Jones & Hauser (1974) in their well-known FJH hypothesis, that societies exhibit a fundamental similarity in social mobility rates. To do that, we exploit the main historical international database that allows a large degree of quality in the comparison due to standardization procedures. To achieve this goal, we utilize the main international historical databases (ISSP, EVS and ESS), enabling extensive cross-national comparisons. We use an alternative nonparametric approach based on the average of the global odds ratios (without requiring any statistical assumptions (as difference uniform). Our results confirm that there is no clear presence of distinct regimes of social mobility; rather, there is only a continuum with two breaking points above or below the threshold that includes the majority of countries. Those outside this threshold are few and are consistently recurrent.

This paper analyses trends in both the structural and relative dimensions of the relationship between origins and destinations in social mobility across ten countries, five from Latin America and five from Europe, proposing an alternative measure. We employ the Mutual Information Index, a measure that allows us to simultaneously observe and differentiate between structural and relative effects. Two hypotheses are proposed and tested. The first posits that countries with late industrialization (in our case, the Latin American countries) exhibit lower social fluidity compared to early industrialized nations. Early-late countries, such as Italy and Spain, are expected to align more closely with late-industrializing nations. The results support this hypothesis, though they nuance Italy’s behaviour, as it aligns more with early industrialized countries. The second hypothesis suggests that early-industrialized countries reduce inequality gaps in comparison to late-industrialized countries when considering the M-Index, particularly regarding the marginal effect. However, this hypothesis is not corroborated; instead, we observe an inverse effect. In Latin American countries, the marginal effect exacerbates inequality, whereas in European countries, it reduces class barriers. The Mutual Information Index thus reveals a mechanism explaining the “vicious cycle” of late-industrializing nations and the “virtuous cycle” of early-industrialized ones. This study demonstrates the advantages of incorporating the decomposition between structural and relative dimension in methodological approaches alongside traditional analyses based on last ones.