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This essay reexamines the role of empirical research in scholarship on spectators. Within the context of political debates in the UK about cultural value and, in particular, the value of the performing arts in relation to other claims on public funding, it reports on attempts to counter the historical battle between instrumental and intrinsic value with new information on what spectators actually value in their theatregoing experiences. After reviewing public-policy debates with regard to these questions, the essay moves on to describe a research project funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council during 2013–14 on \"Theatre Spectatorship and Value Attribution\" (TSVA). The objectives of TSVA were to drill down into audience experiences of attending theatre, focusing on phenomenological self-description and analysis in order to understand how those specific experiences were valued (or not) by spectators. The Royal Shakespeare Company, the Young Vic, and the Theatre Royal Plymouth (Drum) collaborated with researchers to study spectators in relation to fourteen productions. Surveys, structured interviews, and creative workshops were employed to collect the data. TVSA also investigated whether changes occur in audience spectators' thinking about their theatre experience over time. The project found that sociality is interwoven with value in theatre experiences, and that social interaction, stimulating thought, and connections to spectators' lives and the world are deeply valued attributes of the sample. The essay concludes with an appraisal of the research results and suggestions for future research that would combine empirical with analytic methods.

Helen Ingram's contributions both to the integrated fields of water resources and to the careers of individual scientists working in these fields are hard to overstate. Ingram's contributions to the field, at its heart, were to bring a moral and ethical voice into the discussions around water while incorporating first-class scholarship around the concepts of social justice, equity, and culture. Her experience with water resources is long and deep. While Ingram occasionally published on other natural resource issues, her focus has always been freshwater resources, and especially the freshwater resources of the American Southwest.

The volcanic eruption of Mount St. Helens in May 1980 severely affected lakes in the surrounding blast zone. Existing and newly formed lakes had high total alkalinities (TA) and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). In Spirit Lake, TA and DOC were 36 and 64 times pre-eruption values. Dissolved organic acids, primarily ionized fulvic acids and hydrophilic acids, constituted 80-90% of the dissolved organic material. High TA values during 1980 and 1981 included two major components, carbonate (CA) and surplus alkalinity $(R^-)$. A comparison of minimal estimates for organic acid alkalinity from ionized fulvic acids $(A_f)$ and hydrophilic acids $(A_h)$ with values of $R^-$ showed that the dissociation of organic acids contributed between 20 and 100% to $R^-$ in 1980 and 1981. During 1981, surplus alkalinity and organic acid alkalinities relative to TA declined while CA increased. This increase in CA reflected the influence of dilution of lake volumes with runoff waters and a major decrease in organic acids due to dilution and microbial mineralization. CA appeared controlled by contributions of bicarbonate ions due to chemical weathering, possible anionic exchange, and microbially mediated reactions. These reactions involving organic acids in combination with the geochemical charateristics of the eruption (e.g. moderate SO_4^2-$ and Cl concentrations and massive loadings of inorganic and organic materials) led to well-buffered lakes that had a sizable proportion of the alkalinity being contributed by associated organic acids.

Biodiversity Conservation: Pacari Network (Brazil) Community-Based Adaptation to Climate Change: Namdrik Atoll Local Resources Committee (Marshall Islands) Sustainable Land Management in Drylands: Abrha Weatsbha Natural Resource Management Initiative (Ethiopia) Sustainable Energy: Medicinal Plants Association (Egypt) Food Security and Agriculture: Women and Land (Tajikistan) Sustainable Forest Management: West Africa Initiative of Liberia (Liberia) Marine and Coastal Resource Management: Pemuteran Bay Coral Protection Foundation (Indonesia) Management of Hazardous Chemicals and Waste: United Women Artisans' Association of Los Limites (Colombia) Freshwater Resource Management: Shashwat (India) Marie Aminata Khan Prize for Women and the Environment: Swazi Indigenous Products (Swaziland) \"Tonight's event is about honoring the great innovation and leadership which is coming from the world's local communities,\" remarked UNDP Administrator Helen Clark.

The eruption of Mt St Helens in southwest Washington State provided scientists with a rare opportunity to study the rejuvenation of the once-pristine Spirit Lake. The limnological recovery of Spirit Lake is described.

Differences in the dissolved chemistry of lakes devastated by the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens are attributable to location relative to the lateral blast trajectory of the eruption and to the emplacement of mineral deposits. Elemental enrichment ratios of pre- and posteruption measurements for Spirit Lake and comparisons of the chemical concentrations and elemental ratios for lakes inside and outside the blast zone reflect the influences of the dissolution of magmatic and lithic deposits. The pH changes were minor because of buffering by carbonic acid and reactions involving mineral alteration, dissolved organics, and biological processes.

Specific gravity of water-saturated, surface-dried individual grains and bulk, sieved samples of pumice lapilli, ash, and slightly vesiculated rock fragments produced by recent eruptions at Mount St. Helens, Washington, as well as the composition of sediment derived from this material, indicate two major departures in the character of volcaniclastics from more familiar quartzo-feldspathic sediment. These are: (1) a three-to-five-fold variation in the specific gravity of volumetrically important detrital grains, as opposed to a less than 5% variation in 99% of the volume of average quartzo-feldspathic sandstone; and (2) significant variation in specific gravity that is inversely related to grain size within clast populations of the same composition. This latter observation is attributed to the larger volume of vesicles, particularly non-interconnected vesicles, with increasing grain size. Sorting in volcaniclastic sediment, therefore, is not only a function of depositional process, environment, and post-depositional modification but also of sediment composition. Statistical analysis of sieve grain size data on weight-percent basis is inappropriate for evaluation of volcaniclastic sediments.

Loadings of dissolved organics and suspended particulates from destroyed forests and volcanic debris produced by the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens altered the trophic structure of many blast zone lakes to the extent that anoxic conditions and chemoorganotrophic and chemolithotrophic microorganisms prevailed. High bacterial counts and high adenosine triphosphate concentrations were directly related to enhanced concentrations of dissolved organic carbon, and plankton chlorophyll a was inversely related to light extinction. The recovery of these lakes to the preeruption state appears dependent upon the oxidation of organics and the stabilization of watersheds.