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To understand the impacts of large-scale immigration on neighborhood contexts, we employ locational-attainment models, in which two characteristics of a neighborhood, its average household income and the majority group's percentage among its residents, are taken as the dependent variables and a number of individual and household characteristics, such as race/ethnicity and household composition, form the vector of independent variables. Models are estimated separately for major racial/ethnic populations — whites, blacks, Asians, and Latinos — in five different metropolitan regions of immigrant concentration — Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, and San Francisco. In the cross section, the findings largely uphold the well-known model of spatial assimilation, in that socioeconomic status, assimilation level, and suburban residence are all strongly linked to residence in neighborhoods displaying greater affluence and with a greater number of non-Hispanic whites. Yet when the results are considered longitudinally, by comparing them with previously estimated models for 1980, the consistency with spatial-assimilation theory is no longer so striking. The impact of immigration is evident in the changing racial/ethnic composition of the neighborhoods of all groups, but especially for those where Asians and Latinos reside.

\"You should not put rose-colored glasses on,\" says William Frey, demographer at the Brookings Institution. \"This is still a low point in mobility, which is the lifeblood of our labor market and is important for young people.\" \"This is the absolute worst time to lose our residential mobility,\" says Richard Florida, a professor of U.S. urban theory at the University of Toronto. \"It's important for people to move to where the new opportunities are, because that is the cornerstone of our idea-driven economy.\" \"They're still stuck in the mud,\" Frey says. \"Their 401(k)s are demolished. They can't sell their house. They're not going to be in Palm Beach any time soon.\"

\"Texas, so far, is the big winner this decade,\" says William Frey, demographer at the Brookings Institution. \"Big Texas metros have done well because they avoided a lot of the pitfalls of the housing boom and bust.\" \"They're like the Energizer bunnies,\" says Robert Lang, sociologist at the University of Nevada-Las Vegas. \"Vegas, Phoenix, Orlando are all places where you would've expected a galactic fallout, but babies don't know there's a recession.\" \"It's a decade clearly of demographic ups and downs,\" Frey says. \"It's a decade where a place like San Francisco started out not doing well because of the high-tech bust and then started inching up. It's also when places that made phenomenal gains in the first part of the decade - Florida, Arizona - tapered off.\"

\"Texas, so far, is the big winner this decade,\" says William Frey, demographer at the Brookings Institution. \"Big Texas metros have done well because they avoided a lot of the pitfalls of the housing boom and bust.\" \"Las Vegas still holds its own despite the fact that it's had a grim couple of years,\" Frey says. \"Phoenix moved up. Tampa moved up.\" \"It's a decade clearly of demographic ups and downs,\" Frey says. \"It's a decade where a place like San Francisco started out not doing well because of the high-tech bust and then started inching up. It's also when places that made phenomenal gains in the first part of the decade - Florida, Arizona - tapered off.