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The study was carried out in the college of education for pure sciences / department of biology / plant tissue and cell culture laboratory to study the effect of biotic elictors Aspergillus niger in the production of salicylic acid in callus cultures of Calendula officinalis L. plant. the results showed the best induction of the explants, which included the leaves and cotyledon obtained from culturing on the solidified MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg.L1- of 2,4- Dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) interacted with 0.5 mg.L−1 Kinetin, which reached the highest fresh weight of callus was 2.2350 and 2.7125 g, respectively, after four weeks culture. The callus induction from the leaves its compact, in contrast to the callus induced by the cotyledon, which is characterized its friable.

Background As it is very vascular and friable, the human spleen cannot be sutured always. After a splenic injury, total splenectomy is frequently performed, but it lowers immunity, altering the haematological picture. A specific segmental branch of the splenic artery can be tied up during partial splenectomy to prevent this. Therefore, this study's objective was to precisely locate the splenic artery's segmental branches. Methodology This study involved 30 human spleens. The spleens were meticulously dissected. Cleaning and tracing were done on the splenic artery and its branches. Any differences and variations in the number of segmental branches and intersegmental anastomosis were observed. The splenic artery's other branches that did not supply the spleen were not taken into account. Results The number of branches of the splenic artery which divided the spleen into arterial segments, varied between two to five. Two segmental branches were found in 26.67 % specimens, three were found in 53.33 % specimens, four were found in 16.67 % specimens and five segmental branches were present in 3.33 % of the total spleens. The parts of the spleen which were supplied by these segmental branches were separated by avascular zone. Conclusion The study of anatomical variation of the segmental branches of the splenic artery will enlighten the surgeons knowledge in preserving the vascularity of the spleen during partial splenectomy.

Abstract Lesser yam contains active pharmaceutical compounds. Secondary metabolic production of lesser yam plants takes time because of the long harvest period. Callus induction can be used to acquire active compounds in relatively short periods. This study aimed to determine the optimum concentration of 2,4-D and kinetin combination in inducing lesser yam callus in light and dark conditions. The research design used was a two-factor randomized block design, namely the combination of PGR (2,4-D 1 ppm + kinetin 1 ppm, 2,4-D 0.5 ppm + kinetin 1 ppm, 2,4-D 1 ppm + kinetin 0.5 ppm, 2,4-D 0.5 ppm + kinetin 0.5 ppm) and lightness conditions (light and dark). The observed parameters included callus appearance time, percentage of callus formation, and callus color and texture. The results showed that the combination of 0.5 ppm 2,4-D + 0.5 ppm kinetin in light conditions indicated the fastest callus time. Meanwhile, the percentage of explants with the highest callus was shown in all treatments in dark conditions by 100%. The calluses produced in light conditions were generally green with a friable texture, calluses in dark conditions were generally white and had friable texture.

The industrial market demands productivity and highest quality. Abrasion machining is a crucial point for achieving both requirements. In view of this importance, in this work, a comparative analysis is made between two wheels with different friability (low and high) in the cylindrical grinding of SAE 4340 steel and ductile iron SAE D-7003 with three feed rates (0.25, 0, 50, and 1.00 mm/min) under conventional cooling and lubrication conditions. The output parameters were average surface roughness (Ra), roundness error, wheel wear, specific energy, microhardness, and cost analysis. In a complementary way, qualitative analyzes of the surface were performed through optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and confocal microscopy. It is observed that the greater ductility of the iron causes 18% rougher surfaces and less tool wear. Note that the specific energy is reduced by at least 10% with more friable wheels. On average, roundness errors are 30% lower for SAE 4340 steel, with no microstructural changes for both materials. Finally, the implementation costs for the different grinding wheels decrease with an increase in the rate of advance.

Abstract Bajakah root infuse was consumed to restore energy by Kalimantan people because it contains antioxidant, but it is not practical and efficient. Lozenges are preferred drug delivery for all ages compared to conventional tablets. Mannitol is a choice filler for lozenges because cold and sweet taste. It has hygroscopic properties, so it needs to be combined with starch. This study aimed to determine the effect of porang tuber starch in combination with mannitol on the physical properties of bajakah root dried extract lozenges. Bajakah roots were extracted using infundation and dried using a freeze dryer. The antioxidant activity of it was using the DPPH method. Porang tuber starch was extracted using water at a ratio of 1:3. Lozenges of bajakah were made with ratio of porang tuber starch-mannitol (1: 9) as filler using the dry granulation method. Physical properties were tested, including flow time, angle of repose, weight uniformity, hardness, brittleness, disintegration time, and dissolution time. The IC 50 value obtained is 0.155 mg/mL. The proportion of porang tuber starch-mannitol (1: 9) resulted the physical properties namely a flow time of 4.87±0.76 seconds; angle of repose 28.91±0.99°; weight uniformity that met the requirements; hardness 10.03±2.06 Kg; friability 0.98%; disintegration time 8.34±1.89 minutes. The dissolution efficiency at 60 minutes resulted in 82.66%. It has met the requirements of the Indonesian Pharmacopoeia 5 th Ed.

Five species of Inocybe from eastern North America are described as new: Inocybe carolinensis, Inocybe dulciolens, Inocybe friabilis, Inocybe glaucescens, and Inocybe vinaceobrunnea. Inocybe carolinensis is a new species in Inocybe sect. Inocybe; I. dulciolens and I. glaucescens are two new species in Inocybe sect. Lactiferae; I. friabilis is described as new in the Pseudosperma clade (Inocybe sect. Rimosae sensu stricto); and I. vinaceobrunnea is newly described for I. jurana sensu Hesler in the Inosperma clade (Inocybe sect. Rimosae sensu lato). At least four of the five species are endemic to regions of eastern North America based on current distribution data. ITS, 28S rDNA, rpb2, and rpb1 genes, in combination with morphological and ecological traits, are used to aid in species recognition. Phylogenetic trees, taxonomic descriptions, and illustrations are provided.

It was intended to developed and evaluate polyherbal tablet consisting dry powder of aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia, Annona squamosa, Withania somnifera, and Azadirachta indica. The aqueous extract of Tinospora cordifolia, Annona squamosa, Withania somnifera, and Azadirachta indica were formulated. The direct compression approach was used to create all six distinct pills (HF1 to HF6) in the batch. The mixtures were tested for their flow qualities and their compressibility, and the results showed that they were successful in both categories. A single rotatory punching machine was utilised throughout the production of the tablets. After that, the compressed tablets were put through a variety of different physical tests, including evaluations of their diameter, thickness, weight variability, variation in hardness, friability, in vitro disintegration time, and in vitro dissolution. The outcomes of each of these tests came back as positive, which is a good sign.

High-performance thermal insulators represented by aerogels are regarded as one of the most promising materials for energy savings. However, significantly low mechanical strength has been a barrier for aerogels to be utilized in various social domains such as houses, buildings, and industrial plants. Here, we report a synthetic strategy to realize highly transparent aerogels with unusually high bending flexibility based on poly(methylsilsesquioxane) (PMSQ) network. We have constructed mesoscopic fine fiber-like structures of various sizes in PMSQ gels by the combination of phase separation suppression by tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAOH) and mesoscopic fiber-like assembly by nonionic poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-b-PPO-b-PEO) type surfactant. The optimized mesoscale structures of PMSQ gels have realized highly transparent and resilient monolithic aerogels with much high bendability compared to those reported in previous works. This work will provide a way to highly insulating materials with glasslike transparency and high mechanical flexibility.

An efficient method of rapid micropropagation of Solanum khasianum Clarke was successfully established from the leaf, petiole, and nodal explants. The morphogenetic response of different concentrations of TDZ and BAP individually or in combination with auxins (IAA/IBA/2,4-D) was tested. Friable callus was obtained on different concentrations of BAP alone or in combination with IAA/IBA/2,4-D. Rapid multiple shoot induction was achieved from friable callus on MS medium supplemented with varying concentrations of TDZ and IBA. The leaf explants exhibited a high frequency of multiple shoots than petiole and nodal explants with an optimal percentage of response (92.73%), mean shoot number (53.5 ± 0.47), and shoot length (11.2 ± 0.53 cm) on MS medium augmented with TDZ (1.5 mg l −1 ) and IBA (1.5 mg l −1 ). Maximum rooting efficiency was achieved on MS medium with 1.5 mg l −1 IBA with 12.8 ± 0.36 mean number of roots. The in vitro rooted plants were acclimatized with a survival rate of 80%. The genetic fidelity of the regenerants assayed by the ISSR and the SCoT markers showed no genetic variation. The study examined the micropropagation responses of S. khasianum in the presence of various growth regulators and provided a simple and more suitable protocol adapted for the mass propagation of clones in this species. Key message We have established a highly efficient micropropagation system for large scale production in Solanum khasianum . Evaluation of clonal fidelity by using ISSR and SCoT markers detected no somaclonal variations. The present study helps to the enhancement of potential alkaloids (solasodine) with the help of biotechnological tools.

Pranajiwa (Euchresta horsfieldii (Lesch) Benn.) is an endangered medicinal plant known for its function as aphrodisiac, antidote, expectorant, and tonic. It also can be used to cure TBC. Research has found that pranajiwa is difficult to be propagated, but the tissue culture propagation method has never been applied to this species. This research is aimed to figure out the procedure to induce callogenesis of pranajiwa with the addition of Benzyl Amino Purine (BAP) and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and to determine the proper combination of BAP and 2,4-D to produce an optimal callus. MS-based medium with 25 combinations of BAP and 2,4-D has been used for the callus induction. Parameters observed in this research are callus appearing time, percentage of inducted calluses, and morphology observation, including the texture and color of the callus. Result shows that 90.67% calluses was successfully inducted. The optimal callus was obtained by combining BAP 1 ppm and 2,4-D 1,5 ppm with 5 days of appearing time, friable texture and green color.