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"Friesian"
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Selection and Drift: A Comparison between Historic and Recent Dutch Friesian Cattle and Recent Holstein Friesian Using WGS Data
Over the last century, genetic diversity in many cattle breeds has been affected by the replacement of traditional local breeds with just a few milk-producing breeds. In the Netherlands, the local Dutch Friesian breed (DF) has gradually been replaced by the Holstein Friesian breed (HF). The objective of this study is to investigate genomewide genetic diversity between a group of historically and recently used DF bulls and a group of recently used HF bulls. Genetic material of 12 historic (hDF), 12 recent DF bulls (rDF), and 12 recent HF bulls (rHF) in the Netherlands was sequenced. Based on the genomic information, different parameters—e.g., allele frequencies, inbreeding coefficient, and runs of homozygosity (ROH)—were calculated. Our findings showed that a large amount of diversity is shared between the three groups, but each of them has a unique genetic identity (12% of the single nucleotide polymorphisms were group-specific). The rDF is slightly more diverged from rHF than hDF. The inbreeding coefficient based on runs of homozygosity (Froh) was higher for rDF (0.24) than for hDF (0.17) or rHF (0.13). Our results also displayed the presence of several genomic regions that differentiated between the groups. In addition, thirteen, forty-five, and six ROH islands were identified in hDF, rDF, and rHF, respectively. The genetic diversity of the DF breed reduced over time, but this did not lead to higher inbreeding levels—especially, inbreeding due to recent ancestors was not increased.
Journal Article
The Friesian horse
\"Engaging images accompany information about the Friesian Horse. The combination of high-interest subject matter and narrative text is intended for students in grades 3 through 7\"-- Source other than Library of Congress.
Book
Evidence of early genomic selection in Holstein Friesian across African and European ecosystems
Background
The Holstein Friesian (HF) cattle breed is the most dominant breed in commercial dairy farming worldwide and managed in more than 150 countries. These countries span diverse agro-climatic zones, ranging from tropical to cold regions. The introduction of HF animals in these regions occurred at different moments in the past which are poorly recorded and continued through importation of live animal and frozen semen. We hypothesize that the HF cattle populations in these regions underwent early forms of adaptation to these specific local environments. However, the detection of genetic variation associated with this adaptation remains poorly documented.
Results
This study investigates genetic relationship and potential early selection signatures in HF populations from three African countries (Egypt, South Africa, Uganda) and three European countries (Finland, Portugal, The Netherlands), considering five animals per country. Approximately 16.0 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were detected in the 30 HF animals and used for further analyses.
Across all countries, we identified dispersed regions totaling 3.3 megabase of ecosystem-specific genomic regions (43 genes), indicative of early selection signatures based on fixation indices (
F
-statistic,
F
st). Furthermore, comparing variants between tropical (Egypt and Uganda) and cold regions (Finland and The Netherlands) by
F
st, nucleotide diversity (
θ
π
ratio), and extended haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH), we identified a total of 10 candidate regions, comprising 12 genes within a 0.57 megabase size. The regions were enriched with genes involved in signaling pathways associated directly or indirectly with adaptation, including the immune system (
PGLYRP4
,
PGLYRP3
,
PAG1
,
CD48
,
SLAMF1
,
DYSF
,and
LOC615223
), organ development and reproduction (
LDB3
,
ADAMTSL4
,
TPRN
,
CCDC40
,
OR2AG1G
, and
OR8B3
), thermogenic activation (
TBC1D16
), phospholipid metabolism (
PLPPR4
and
PITPNB
), thermos-tolerance (
ZNF423
), and stimulus response (
NCOA7
,
CYP2C85
, and
ARFGEF3
).
Conclusion
This study provides new insights into early forms of genetic plasticity of animals adapted to very diverse ecosystems. Our findings highlight candidate genes related to immune response, organ development, reproduction, metabolism, and thermo-tolerance, hypothesizing their role in facilitating adaptation to different environments.
Journal Article
Luna
In the Netherlands in 1855, May, a young member of a circus family who is not permitted to perform because of a twisted foot, bonds with a local Friesian farm horse that she names Luna, and together the two perform a heroic act that changes their futures for the better. Includes facts about Friesian horses.
Book
Metabolic responses and performance of Holstein x Gyr heifers grazing Brachiaria decumbens supplemented with varied crude protein levels
We aimed to evaluate the effect of supplemental CP on the nutritional characteristics and performance of Holstein x Gyr crossbreed heifers grazing intensively-managed Brachiaria decumbens throughout the year. Thirty-eight heifers with average initial body weight of 172.5 ± 11.15 kg (mean ± SE) and 8.2 ± 0.54 mo of age were randomly assigned to four treatments: three protein supplements (SUP) composed of soybean meal and ground corn fed at 5g/kg of BW, plus a control group (CON). The supplements had 12, 24 and 36% of CP for treatments S12 (n = 9), S24 (n = 10), and S36 (n = 9), respectively. The experiment latest one year, subdivided into four seasons: rainy, dry, rainy-dry transition (RDT), and dry-rainy transition (DRT). Feces and pasture samples were collected for 4 days in each season, using chromium oxide, titanium dioxide, and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (NDF) to estimate fecal excretion, supplement, and pasture intake, respectively. The data were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIXED of the SAS with repeated measures. No effects of supplementation were detected on pasture and NDF intake. However, SUP animals had a greater intake of DM, metabolizable energy, and metabolizable protein. A positive linear response on metabolizable protein intake was observed among SUP animals. We observed an interaction between treatment and season for all digestibility variables, with a positive linear response in CP digestibility among SUP animals during all seasons. For neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility, we observed a positive linear response in RDT and rainy seasons and a quadratic response during the dry season. Furthermore, SUP animals had greater average daily gain (ADG) than non-supplemented animals, and among SUP animals, there was a quadratic response to ADG, with the greatest gain observed in S24. We observed greater nitrogen retention coefficient in SUP animals than in non-supplemented animals and a positive linear effect among SUP animals. Supplemental CP did not affect microbial protein production and efficiency. We observed an interaction between treatment and season for blood glucose, with SUP animals having greater glucose concentration in all seasons than non-supplemented animals. Additionally, we observed a quadratic response among SUP animals only during RDT and dry season, with the greatest glucose concentration in S24. SUP animals had greater blood concentrations of urea and IGF-1. In conclusion, SUP animals had greater intake, digestibility, and performance than non-supplemented animals, with the 24% CP supplement demonstrating the best metabolic responses and performance.
Journal Article
Utilization of Local Feed Ingredients as Nutritional Supplements to Support Metabolic Balance in Dairy Cattle
Nutritional management plays a vital role in the productivity and health of Friesian Holstein (FH) dairy cows. Their diet primarily consists of forage, supported by concentrates and supplements to boost growth, milk yield, and prevent metabolic issues. Mung bean sprouts, rich in protein, are being explored as a potential feed additive. This study assessed the impact of mung bean sprout supplementation on blood biochemistry and liver function in FH cows. Sixteen lactating cows (4-5 years old, ~500 kg) were divided into four groups: T0 (0 g), T1 (500 g), T2 (1000 g), and T3 (1500 g), using a completely randomized design. Blood glucose, urea, and liver enzymes (ALT and AST) were measured. Results showed that 500 g supplementation (T1) significantly increased blood urea (p < 0.01), indicating enhanced protein metabolism, while glucose and liver enzyme levels remained unaffected (p > 0.05). These findings suggest that adding 5% mung bean sprouts to the diet can improve protein utilization without harming liver function or overall metabolism, making it a promising and safe dietary supplement for dairy cows.
Journal Article
The Effect of Inseminator Performance on The Success of Artificial Insemination in Friesian Holstein Crosbred Cows
The study aims to determine the effect of inseminator performance on the success of artificial insemination of Friesian Holstein crossbred cows. In this study, the eight inseminators were observed with the criteria: at least 1 year of AI experience, a minimum of 30 AI doses, an official inseminator certificate, and adequate skills in performing AI. The parameters observed were Conception Rate (CR), Pregnancy Rate (PR), Inseminator Success Rate, Service per Conception (S/C), Calving Rate (CvR), and Sex Ratio. The data were analysed descriptively and using the chi-square and Kruskal-Wallis methods. The results showed that the highest conception rate (CR) was recorded for inseminator 7 (48.78%), whereas the lowest was observed for inseminator 8 (6.66%). The highest pregnancy rate (PR) was observed for inseminator 6 (57.77%), while the lowest was observed for inseminator 8 (13.33%). Overall, insemination success was also greatest for inseminator 6 (50.94%) and lowest for inseminator 8 (12.12%). The lowest service per conception (S/C) value was achieved by inseminator 7 (1.04). The highest calving rate (CvR) was found in inseminator 6 (51.58%), whereas the lowest was recorded for inseminator 3 (14.65%). These findings indicate that pregnancy success is strongly influenced by inseminators' experience, technical ability, and skills in performing artificial insemination.
Journal Article
Integrated Metabolomic and Functional Assessment of Sexed Frozen Semen in Holstein Friesian Bulls
This study examined the differences in sperm quality and metabolite profiles among X and Y sperm in Friesian Holstein bulls. It also tried to find specific metabolites that can help improve the accuracy of sexed semen use in humid tropical dairy farms. Semen samples from five bulls were separated by sex and tested for movement, live sperm count, shape, and membrane and acrosome health. The tests used Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) and regular microscope checks. Metabolite analysis was performed using LC-HRMS, followed by various statistical tests, pathway checks, and ROC curve analysis. The outcomes showed that X sperm had better movement and acrosome health, while Y sperm had stronger membranes, fewer shape problems, and moved faster. The untargeted metabolite study showed clear differences between the two groups. X sperm had more identified metabolites and greater average levels. The crucial metabolites found more in X sperm were D-(−)-fructose, L-(+)-lactic acid, and sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine. Meanwhile, Y sperm had greater levels of acetyl-L-carnitine. The pathway analysis showed that X sperm primarily utilized carbohydrate and fat processing through glycolysis and phosphocholine pathways to maintain their movement and membrane integrity. On the other hand, Y sperm mainly use a carnitine-based energy pathway to support their faster and straighter movement. The identified metabolites can serve as reliable biomarkers to aid in laboratory quality control checks and enhance the quality of semen extenders. This outcome gives a good way to make sexed semen more stable and reliable in tropical dairy farming conditions.
Journal Article
Effect of recent and ancient inbreeding on production and fertility traits in Canadian Holsteins
Background
Phenotypic performances of livestock animals decline with increasing levels of inbreeding, however, the noticeable decline known as inbreeding depression, may not be due only to the total level of inbreeding, but rather could be distinctly associated with more recent or more ancient inbreeding. Therefore, splitting inbreeding into different age classes could help in assessing detrimental effects of different ages of inbreeding. Hence, this study sought to investigate the effect of recent and ancient inbreeding on production and fertility traits in Canadian Holstein cattle with both pedigree and genomic records. Furthermore, inbreeding coefficients were estimated using traditional pedigree measure (
F
PED
) and genomic measures using segment based (
F
ROH
) and marker-by-marker (
F
GRM
) based approaches.
Results
Inbreeding depression was found for all production and most fertility traits, for example, every 1% increase in
F
PED
,
F
ROH
and
F
GRM
was observed to cause a − 44.71, − 40.48 and − 48.72 kg reduction in 305-day milk yield (MY), respectively. Similarly, an extension in first service to conception (FSTC) of 0.29, 0.24 and 0.31 day in heifers was found for every 1% increase in
F
PED
,
F
ROH
and
F
GRM
, respectively. Fertility traits that did not show significant depression were observed to move in an unfavorable direction over time. Splitting both pedigree and genomic inbreeding into age classes resulted in recent age classes showing more detrimental inbreeding effects, while more distant age classes caused more favorable effects. For example, a − 1.56 kg loss in 305-day protein yield (PY) was observed for every 1% increase in the most recent pedigree age class, whereas a 1.33 kg gain was found per 1% increase in the most distant pedigree age class.
Conclusions
Inbreeding depression was observed for production and fertility traits. In general, recent inbreeding had unfavorable effects, while ancestral inbreeding had favorable effects. Given that more negative effects were estimated from recent inbreeding when compared to ancient inbreeding suggests that recent inbreeding should be the primary focus of selection programs. Also, further work to identify specific recent homozygous regions negatively associated with phenotypic traits could be investigated.
Journal Article