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The book covers the North European fauna of frit flies that totals 209 species in 48 genera including 11 species and 1 genus described as new to science. Several species are economically important as notorial pests of cereals and fodder grasses.

The ceramic glaze is a glass layer with an amorphous structure. Crystalline glazes are special glazes used to decorate ceramic products. It is based on the research results, the authors proposed a novel crystalline glaze from titanium frit (denoted by FV090/540) for pottery and ceramics with the heating temperature at 1200°C. The heating temperature for the crystallization of glaze was determined by differential thermal analysis (DTA). This study aimed to synthesis willemite crystals (Zn2SiO4) in pottery and ceramics. These crystals were detected and identified using X–ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscope (OM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The chemical composition of the samples was analyzed by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). From the results of experiments, the authors carried out decorating on industrial ceramic pottery products using this novel crystalline glaze and adjusted the required technological parameters.

Glass frit bonding is a widely used technology to cap and seal micro-electromechanical systems on the wafer level using a low melting point glass. Screen printing is the main method to apply glass frit paste on wafers. Screen printing of glass frit paste is usually performed on less sensitive, less critical wafers, normally the capping wafer, because screen printing is a rough process involving the mechanical contact of the screen printing mesh and the wafer. However, for some applications in which contactless patterning of glass frit materials on the device wafers are preferred (e.g., 3D topographies, micro-lens and optics integration) jet dispensing could be a promising approach. Consequently, in this study, wafer-level jetting of glass frit materials on silicon wafers was proposed and investigated. The jetting parameters such as jetting distance, power and temperature were optimized for a glass frit paste. Additionally, the effect of jetted pitch size on the bond-line thickness was assessed. The wafers with jetted glass frit pastes were conclusively bonded in low vacuum and characterized. As a single-step (non-contact) additive approach, the jet printing of glass frit was revealed to be a straightforward, cost-effective and flexible approach with several implications for hermetic packaging.

Glass frit used in conductive silver (Ag) pastes has a significant impact not only on the electrical performance but also on the long-term reliability of metallized electrodes in crystalline silicon (c-Si) solar cells. Here, we investigated the role of compositional changes on the metallization process of silver pastes by adjusting the SiO 2 , ZnO, Li 2 O, or Bi 2 O 3 in lead borate glass melts, and performed damp heat (DH) tests in an acidic damp heat environment. It was found that the addition of Bi 2 O 3 resulted in a decrease in conversion efficiency (Eta) of only 6.44% after the cell was treated with dilute acetic acid. Under scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was observed that the cell with this glass frit had minimal changes in the microstructure of its silver-silicon contacts and silver electrodes. This finding helps to improve the performance and stability of solar cells in harsh environments.

In this work, H 3 BO 3 and Bi 2 O 3 with the ratio 3:2 were melted at 750 °C and then quenched in water to produce B-Bi-O frit, which was sintered and co-doped with TiO 2 -0.60Nb 2 O 5 -0.50ZnO varistor ceramics. It is found that B-Bi-O frit can reduce the sintering temperature and improve the electrical properties of TiO 2 ceramics. The best comprehensive electrical properties with the nonlinear coefficient up to 8.9, the breakdown voltage down to 4.92 V/mm, the relative dielectric constant of 4.47*10 5 and the leakage current of 0.102 mA are achieved by sintering the ceramics doped with 3 wt% B-Bi-O frit at 1400 °C. XRD analysis shows that B-Bi-O frit is an amorphous phase, and no second phase can be found in ceramics after the frit is doped. SEM morphologies display that B-Bi-O frit is beneficial to decrease the porosity while increase the grain size, and EDS mapping further presents no elements segregate on the grain boundary. XPS spectra demonstrate the coexistence of Ti 3+ ions, Ti 4+ ions and oxygen vacancies in TiO 2 ceramics. As a result, it can be concluded that the enhancement of the electrical properties of TiO 2 ceramics is mainly attributed to the following aspects: on the one hand, B-Bi-O frit helps to produce liquid phase sintering, which would reduce the porosity while increase grain size and promote solid solution of Nb 2 O 5 and ZnO in TiO 2 ceramic. On the other hand, B and Bi elements can also act as acceptor dopants in TiO 2 ceramic to further promote grain semi-conductivity and increase grain boundary barrier height.

The possibility of producing cellular glass using volcanic ash has been studied by considering the chemical and mineralogical composition of volcanic ash from the Molladag deposit. It was found that it contains aluminosilicates and is represented mainly by quartz, feldspar and amorphous phase. The optimal composition and the main technological parameters of thermal treatment of mixtures of volcanic ash (window glass production waste and volcanic ash) borosilicate frit together with a gas-forming agent were determined. To further optimise the experimentally observed composition and process regimes, an appropriate regression equation adequately describing the process was derived using the second order orthogonal rotatable plan available in the literature. A comparative X-ray phase analysis of the thermal processing products with the raw mixture was carried out and it is shown that the mineralogical composition of the cellular glass is represented mainly by the glass phase, feldspar and the newly formed mineral wollastanite.

This paper introduces a cost-effective, high-performance approach to achieving wafer level vacuum packaging (WLVP) for MEMS-based uncooled infrared sensors. Reliable and hermetic packages for MEMS devices are achieved using a cap wafer that is formed using two silicon wafers, where one wafer has precise grating/moth-eye structures on both sides of a double-sided polished wafer for improved transmission of over 80% in the long-wave infrared (LWIR) wavelength region without the need for an AR coating, while the other wafer is used to form a cavity. The two wafers are bonded using Au-In transient liquid phase (TLP) bonding at low temperature to form the cap wafer, which is then bondelectrical and Electronics d to the sensor wafer using glass frit bonding at high temperature to activate the getter inside the cavity region. The bond quality is assessed using three methods, including He-leak tests, cap deflection, and Pirani vacuum gauges. Hermeticity is confirmed through He-leak tests according to MIL-STD 883, yielding values as low as 0.1 × 10−9 atm·cc/s. The average shear strength is measured as 23.38 MPa. The package pressure varies from 133–533 Pa without the getter usage to as low as 0.13 Pa with the getter usage.

Wetlands belong to the most endangered habitats in the world, and animals and plants occurring there are subjects of nature conservation efforts worldwide. Several species of bees and wasps have been comprehensively studied in recent years, but the biology and ecology of wetland-associated species remain largely enigmatic. The results showed that some of these species can be good bioindicators, useful in nature conservation. Hylaeus pectoralis is a small wetland-associated bee that is dependent on the presence of its nesting resource, cigar galls formed by the frit fly Lipara lucens on stems of common reed. We studied the presence of this bee species between 2011 and 2023, both in near-natural and anthropogenic habitats. This bee requires the presence of terrestrial reed with reed galls and occurs nearly exclusively in long-lasting localities of near-natural character with wet meadows rich in flowering plants. Our results showed that H. pectoralis requires mosaic sites with reed beds combined with wet meadows. The proportion of wet meadows in the H. pectoralis localities is more prominent than in localities where H. pectoralis was absent. The bee is polylectic, and we enlarged the number of pollen sources to plants of 22 families—the collected pollen was from plants of many habitats, including plants of wet meadows and aquatic plants. Though recording of H. pectoralis in the locality is simple using the rearing from collected reed galls, this ecologically sensitive species can be used as an essential bioindicator for the quality of wetland habitats and the studies of the continuity of the habitats. Implications for insect conservation The presence of the mosaic of wet meadows with flowering plants, small reed beds, reed margins, and small water reservoirs is necessary not only for Hylaeus pectoralis but also for other biota of wetlands. Mowing of reed margins should be implemented to only a part of the habitat. This mosaic management allows the preservation of old Lipara -induced galls needed for nesting of ecologically sensitive bees and wasps.

This study investigates the sustainable reuse of industrial enamel frit production waste generated during enamel application processes and evaluates its potential from a process-oriented glass-forming and -shaping perspective. Enamel frit waste collected from an industrial production line in Türkiye was subjected to comprehensive characterization, including XRD, XRF, TG/DTA, dilatometry, and CIE Lab* color analysis, with the primary aim of assessing forming compatibility rather than final product performance. Following calcination and controlled fritting, the waste material was processed through mold-based glass-forming experiments using firing schedules derived from thermal analysis. The results reveal pronounced chemical and thermal heterogeneity among enamel frit production wastes, leading to variable melting behavior across samples. Nevertheless, selected waste compositions exhibited sufficient viscous flow for shaping at reduced firing temperatures of approximately 850 °C. This study demonstrates that selected enamel frit production wastes—obtained from industrial enameling processes in slurry, powder, or granular form—can be reshaped into glass forms under controlled low-temperature conditions. The novelty of this study lies in investigating industrial enamel production frit waste as a reusable material within a circular economy framework, specifically focusing on its application in mold-based glass forming for artistic and educational contexts, thereby fostering collaboration between industrial waste management and glass art practice.

This study investigates the synergistic effects of various additives, including ethyl cellulose and molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ), on the particle size reduction of bismuth-based glass frits during ball milling and their subsequent impact on glass enamel properties for automotive applications. The integration of jet milling and dry ball milling processes demonstrated economic feasibility, with MoS 2 and ethyl cellulose significantly enhancing milling efficiency by reducing particle sizes and increasing the proportion of fine particles. MoS 2 ‘s lubricating properties and ethyl cellulose’s interaction with frit surfaces were identified as key factors contributing to improved grinding performance. The research further explores the thermal and optical behavior of enamel formulations incorporating carbon black, graphite, graphene, MoS 2 , and ethyl cellulose. MoS 2 exhibited exceptional silver overprint hiding capabilities (ΔL = −0.3), achieving uniform aesthetic properties critical for automotive coatings. While high gloss enamels correlated with minimal crystallization, they exhibited reduced anti-stick properties, whereas low gloss enamels, particularly those with crystallized surfaces, provided enhanced anti-stick performance during press bending. Colorimetric analysis revealed that additives such as carbon black and graphite maintained color stability and gloss at elevated temperatures, while ethyl cellulose influenced surface roughness, delaying heat development during firing. These findings highlight the importance of balancing aesthetic qualities, such as gloss and color uniformity, with functional characteristics like anti-stick performance in enamel formulations. Overall, the study emphasizes the potential of optimizing frit compositions and milling techniques to achieve cost-effective, high-performance glass enamels for automotive applications, offering a balance between visual appeal and operational functionality.