Explore the vast range of titles available.

This study investigated the impact of pyrolysis conditions on physical characteristics of date palm fronds biochars and their performances for aqueous uptake of anionic dyes—methyl orange (MO) and Eriochrome Black-T (EBT)—and cationic dyes—methylene blue (MB) and crystal violet (CV). Detailed characterization of the biochars revealed the formation of oxygen functionalities (C=O, C-O-C, and C-O), improved surface characteristics (surface area and pore volume) and high ash content at higher pyrolysis temperature and time. Biochar-derived date palm with a high surface area of 431.82 m2/g and a pore volume of 0.134 cm3/g was obtained at pyrolysis temperature and time 700 °C and 4 h, respectively. For all the four investigated dyes, the adsorption isotherm was mainly described by Redlich–Peterson isotherm model (R2 > 0.95), while the adsorption kinetics well-fitted the pseudo-second order model. The biochar yielded fast dyes adsorption with maximum adsorption capacity for MB, EBT, MO, and CV dye of up to 206.61, 309.59, 163.132, and 934.57 mg/g at 200 mg/L dye concentration, respectively. The adsorption of cationic dyes was pH-independent indicating the involvement of pi–pi and chemical interactions. However, the uptake of the anionic dye was favorable at acidic conditions and was dominated by electrostatic interactions involving ion exchange and chemical reactions. The produced biochars exhibited excellent surface characteristics and enhanced adsorptive performance relative to other similar adsorbents. Thus, the direct pyrolysis of date palm fronds’ waste is a sustainable and economical approach of converting a huge quantity of wastes into excellent adsorbent for effective remediation of dye-contaminated water and wastewater.

The industry’s unregulated discharge of unprocessed trash is a major contributor to environmental contamination. Drinking water contaminated by heavy metals is a serious environmental and public health problem. Cadmium (Cd (II)) is one heavy metal frequently found in wastewater. Adsorption is the most widely used method for treating water contaminated with heavy metals due to its great performance, affordability, and ease of use. This work examined the potential for heavy metal adsorption in palm fronds, a chemically treated agricultural waste, using H 3 PO 4 -derived activated Carbon (also known as chemically treated Carbon from palm fronds, or CTCPFs) for Cd(II) adsorption. Extensive batch tests investigated the effects of pH, initial metal concentration, dosage of CTCPFs, and contract duration on adsorption at room Temperature (25 ± 1 °C). Using BET techniques, the surface area and porosity of the sample were measured, and the surface morphology was examined using SEM. FT-IR and XRD measurements were made. After 90 min, 99.65% of the Cd (II) had been removed. Cd (II) was efficiently adsorbed by CTCPFs (> 99%) at pH = 5,C 0  = 50 mg/l, CTCPFs dosage 1 g /250 ml at 45 ℃ and contact time 90 min. According to the findings, CTCPFs are a cost-effective, efficient, and environmentally friendly adsorbent that can treat heavy metal-contaminated industrial wastewater as impure water. They also show promise in removing Cd (II) under neutral conditions.

Riparian environments are unique habitats highly susceptible to sudden flooding following heavy rainfall. In such conditions, the sterile in dimorphic fronds that remain aboveground for several months have adapted to thrive by developing linear and lanceolate laminae supported by robust yet flexible petioles. However, it remains unclear whether fertile fronds, which develop only for a short period of several days to weeks, exhibit similar adaptations. To address this question, we conducted morphological, anatomical, and mechanical analyses of the stipes of Osmunda lancea (Osmundaceae), which inhabits riversides, and its inland sister species O. japonica . Our results revealed that the stipes of O. lancea were more flexible than those of O. japonica , accompanied by a reduction in cell length within the sterome. Furthermore, the sterome of the stipe was found to be composed of thin-walled cells, enabling the formation of the stipe at a low carbon cost within a short period and facilitating spore dispersal.

Hexavalent chromium (Cr 6+ ), a toxic pollutant in industrial wastewater, poses serious environmental and health risks. This study investigates H₃PO₄-treated palm frond-derived activated carbon (PFTACs) as a low-cost, sustainable adsorbent for Cr 6+ removal. PFTACs achieved 99.64% removal efficiency within 90 min at 25 ± 1 °C, with strong performance across a pH range of 2–8. Surface analyses confirmed its mesoporous structure and high surface area, while FT-IR indicated physical adsorption as the dominant mechanism. The process followed pseudo-second-order kinetics and fitted the Langmuir isotherm, suggesting monolayer adsorption. Thermodynamic analysis showed an exothermic nature, with reduced adsorption at higher temperatures. These findings support PFTACs as an effective and environmentally friendly solution for Cr 6+ -contaminated water treatment.The novelty of this research lies in the development of H 3 PO 4 -treated palm frond-derived activated carbon (PFTACs) as an innovative, sustainable adsorbent for hexavalent chromium (Cr 6+ ) removal. The use of palm fronds, an abundant agricultural waste, offers an eco-friendly and cost-effective alternative to traditional adsorbents, contributing to both waste reduction and efficient pollutant removal in industrial wastewater.

Stenochlaena palustris is one of the native ferns in peatlands. One of the uses of S. palustris by local farmers is as feed. However, there are lack information about production and quality value of S. palustris as forage, especially for ruminants. This study aimed to explore the production and quality value of S. palustris as unconventional forage for ruminants. The study conducted on 1 hectare of peatland. Data were analyzed descriptively. Stenochlaena palustris fronds in this study had a production of 3.793 tons/ha of fresh matter equivalent to 1.1203 tons/ha of dry mattter equivalent to 1.038 tons/ha of organic matter. Further exploration of S. palustris is needed for its use as ruminant feed.

In this study, pure cellulose was isolated from Algerian date palm fronds (DPF) using three different delignification processes (acidified NaClO 2 , totally chlorine free (TCF) and their combination). Then, microcrystalline cellulose (MCCs) particles have been successfully produced via direct acid hydrolysis of the different celluloses. All samples were characterized using infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetry (TGA) and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). From the FTIR analysis, most of hemicellulose and lignin were effectively removed throughout the extraction processes. The XRD spectra revealed that all MCCs belong to cellulose I type, and showed a highly crystallinity index than that of pure celluloses. According to DSC and TGA/DTG analyses, the MCC samples presented a higher decomposition temperature. The obtained results showed that the extracted MCC samples exhibited similar properties than those of commercial MCC. Furthermore, the employment of a combined process allowed obtaining MCC with higher crystallinity and better thermal stability. Thus, according to these results, date palm fronds can be considered as a potential low-cost material for MCC production and the combined process is promising to isolate high purity MCC from cellulosic substrate. Graphic Abstract

Sago fronds are agricultural waste, whose availability is enormous in Indonesia, yet not optimally utilized. This research was conducted to isolate nanocrystalline cellulose from sago frond material, using sulfuric acid, with variations in hydrolysis times and cationic modifications of the nanocrystalline cellulose surface. The profiles of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, a scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction indicated a decrease in lignin content, hemicellulose, and fiber dimensions, during the delignification, bleaching, and hydrolysis, followed by an increase in the cellulose content and in degrees of crystallinity. The variations in hydrolysis times affected the cellulosic nanocrystalline characteristics. Longer hydrolysis times caused a decrease in the yield, thermal stability, dimensions of nanocrystalline cellulose, and an increase in the degree of crystallinity and surface charge. The modification of nanocrystalline cellulose, using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyltrimethylammonium chloride, led to the surface of nanocrystalline cellulose becoming positively charged followed by a decrease in the degree of crystallinity and thermal stability. The resulting nanocellulose had moderate stability and the potential to be applied in wider-scaled material processing.

This study presented a facile synthesis route via the precipitation method for the production of magnetic biochar from oil palm frond (OPF). The physicochemical characteristics including surface, functional, and magnetic properties of the synthesized magnetic biochar revealed that the surface morphology, porosity, and magnetic properties enhanced its adsorption capacity for the removal of crystal violet (CV) and sunset yellow (SY) from aqueous solution. The saturation magnetization of OPF biochar was found to be 8.41 emu/g, coercivity (Hc) of 83.106 G, and retentivity (Mr) of 1.475 emu/g which implies that OPF magnetic biochar can be facilely separated from aqueous solution. The result also demonstrated superparamagnetic properties which provided suitable magnetic responsive characteristics to an external magnetic field. The interactive effect of the operational conditions of pH, adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, and temperature was investigated in a batch adsorption study using the central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM). It was indicated that an increase in adsorbent dosage to 1.0 g/L at a lower initial concentration (50 ppm) conducted at 20 °C favoured optimum removal of CV and SY at pH 11 and 4, respectively. The Langmuir isotherm model with maximum adsorption capacity ( q max ) of 149.03 and 342.47 mg/g was achieved for CV and SY dyes, respectively. The kinetic data proved to be best fitted to the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic parameters revealed spontaneous and endothermic reactions. The suitability and sustainability of the magnetic biochar were enhanced by its regeneration potential for effective adsorption of CV and SY after 5 cycles which indicates its outstanding reusability. Hence, OPF magnetic biochar exhibited prospective application for the removal of dyes from wastewater.

In this study, leaf and frond date palm waste as feedstock was used to derive biochars. The effects of pyrolysis temperatures on their physical and chemical properties, and their capacity to remove copper, iron, nickel and zinc from single and multi-metal solutions at various pH values were investigated. Analytical and spectroscopic techniques such as scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, sulfur elemental analysis, Brunauer Emmett Teller analysis were conducted for characterization. The pore volume, surface area, pH, and total carbon content of date palm leaf and frond biochar increased while functional groups and hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen content of biochar decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature compared to feedstock. The removal efficiencies and sorption capacity for single and mixed metal ions were found between 98 and close to 100% and 2.4 and 3.0 mg g − 1 by leaf and frond biochar samples at pH > 6, respectively. Biochar obtained from different feedstock at different pyrolysis temperature did not show any statistically significant improvements on the removal of single or mixed metals from aqueous solutions. The date palm leaf or frond biochar obtained at low pyrolysis temperature is as effective to remove metals as the ones obtained at high pyrolysis temperatures. Therefore, to consume less energy to produce biochar at lower temperature which exhibits same effective removal efficiency will be a win-win solution in terms of sustainability and economy. As a result, date palm waste biochar can be effectively used to remove metals in water and wastewater.

The experiment was carried out in the plant canopy of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering/College of Agriculture, University of Kerbala, located in the Al-Husseiniyah area in Kerbala Governorate, on 11/10/2023 to 1/7/2024. The experiment aimed to determine the best level of palm frond waste, along with determining the best concentration of tryptophan acid and the extent of their effect. On some traits of vegetative growth of olive seedlings, the experiment was carried out according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) according to the order of the factorial experiment, with three replications. The first factor included two varieties of olive (Manzanillo and Bashiqi), while the second factor included three levels of palm frond waste (0, 3% and 6%) and the third factor included three concentrations of tryptophan acid (0, 75 and 150 ml L −1 ). The results showed that the Manzanillo variety was superior in the content of chlorophyll, carbohydrates, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, as well as in the protein percentage, with averages of (052.3ml g −1 , 45704%,25692%, 35060%, 1.723%, and 56582.% respectively). The results also showed that palm frond waste had a significant effect, as the level (6%) was superior in the above-mentioned traits with averages of(3.810mg.g −1 , 6.621%, 3.254%, 0.437%, 1.823% and 20.342% respectively). As for the concentrations of spraying with tryptophan acid, it was noted that the concentration (175 ml L −1 ) was superior for the same traits, as it gave averages of (3.310ml g −1 , 45995%,2.648%, 0.357%, 1.739% and16.554% respectively). It was also noted that the interactions between the factors were significant in all the traits under study.