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Cultivation for climate change resilience. Volume 2, Temperate fruit trees
\"Awareness of the adverse impact associated with the global climate change on the future of agriculture, researchers are devoting efforts for finding solutions to mitigate undesired effects based on intelligent predictions and improved utilization of available genetic resources. This book highlights the contemporary knowledge of the impacts of abiotic and biotic stresses inflected by climate changes on the production, horticultural practices and physiological processes of various fruit tree species. Moreover, it describes the adaptation of innovative approaches to mitigate the climatic adverse effects and enhance resilience characteristics of fruit crops. Each chapter addresses one fruit crop and covers available information in relation to the various concepts. General introduction on climatic requirements of a fruit crop. Significant symptoms of climate change impacts on trees and fruit. Crop management under changed climate conditions. Natural adaptation of genetic resources. Mitigation strategies against biotic and abiotic stresses. Remote sensing and environmental certification. Future prospects and literature cited. This book is essential for researchers and students concerned with improving the productivity and quality of fruit crops to achieve sustainable fruit cultivation and conservation of this important nutritional food source for future generations\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Diversity of Colletotrichum Species Associated with Anthracnose Disease in Tropical Fruit Crops—A Review
In tropical fruit crops, anthracnose is mainly caused by species belonging to the fungal genus, Colletotrichum. These phytopathogens can infect several parts of the fruit crops; however, infection during postharvest or ripening stages is responsible for major economic losses. Due to the formation of black to dark brown sunken lesions on the fruit surface, anthracnose reduces fruit quality and marketability. Among the most common tropical fruit crops susceptible to anthracnose are mango, papaya, banana, avocado, guava, and dragon fruit; these are economically relevant products in many developing countries. It is important to document that the newly recorded Colletotrichum spp. associated with fruit anthracnose can infect multiple hosts, but some species may be host-specific. By using multiple markers, many phylogenetic species of Colletotrichum have been reported as anthracnose-causing pathogens. Taking into account that disease management strategies strongly rely on adequate knowledge of the causative agents, updated information on Colletotrichum species and the hazard posed by the most recently identified species in tropical fruit plantations and harvested fruits becomes vital. Besides, the newly recorded species may be important for biosecurity and should be listed as quarantine pathogens, considering that tropical fruits are traded worldwide.
Journal Article
Citrus production : technological advancements and adaptation to changing climate
\"The citrus industry is one of the world's most important fruit production industries, but global climate change, pests, diseases, and improper handling are affecting plant yields. CitrusProduction: Technological Advancements and Adaptation to Changing Climate presents information on advancements in the citrus industry examining various aspects of citrus from its production to harvest. It looks at the challenges and approaches in stress tolerance improvements, increasing citrus crop productivity, and reducing postharvest losses. The book details taxonomy, genetic diversity, and metabolic and molecular responses in citrus crops, as well as abiotic and biotic stresses affecting citrus production. Featuring numerous full-color illustrations throughout, this book poses new harvesting techniques along with postharvest physiology of citrus fruits, devising strategies to prevent crop losses. Citrus Production: Technological Advancements and Adaptation to Changing Climate is an essential resource for researchers, academicians, and scientists looking to expand their knowledge of citrus, particularly horticulturists, food scientists, and botanists\"-- Provided by publisher.
BOOK
Recent progress and future prospects for mechanized harvesting of fruit crops with shaking systems
Mechanized harvesting technologies with shaking systems for fruit industry have been widely investigated and significantly developed over the past several decades which were presented by a large amount of literature. This paper reviews the research and development progress of mechanized harvesting of fruits systematically with a focus on the theoretical study, fruit crop variety, shaking system categories, abscission chemical agents, and their actual applications. Based on the comprehensive review, mechanized harvesting systems for different fruit crops appear multifarious shaking modes with various vibratory mechanisms and structural dimensions. Major advantages in the development of fruit mechanical harvesting with effective vibratory patterns and catching frames provide a series of economic and agronomic benefits, such as reducing labor costs, promoting standardized planting, and increasing productivity. However, fruit injury and tree damage are the main reasons why mechanical shaking systems are rarely used for fresh fruit harvesting because of tenderness and frangibility of the fruit crops. Therefore, more efforts should be concentrated on the innovative shake-and-catch system with suitable frequency and amplitude to achieve low fruit damage or even nondestructive harvesting for fresh fruit market. This overview summarized the advantages and bottlenecks of these shaking systems for fruit harvesting and proposed the challenges and some constructive prospective viewpoints aimed at the major issues of mechanical harvesting techniques. In addition, employing sorting technologies to classify the postharvest fruits provide a new direction for the further development of mechanized harvesting in high-value fruit crops, as well as bring more benefits to growers and increase their interest in equipment investment on the mechanical shaking harvester for the fruit industry.
Journal Article
Eriophyid mites in fruit crops: Biology, ecology, molecular aspects, and innovative control strategies
Eriophyid mites, minute arachnids within the family Eriophyidae, pose significant threats to fruit crops globally, leading to substantial economic losses in agriculture. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the intricate biology, ecology, molecular aspects, and innovative control strategies of these pervasive pests. Eriophyid mites exhibit a complex life cycle and reproductive strategy, with their habitat preferences and distribution heavily influenced by environmental factors and host-plant interactions. Advances in molecular biology have provided more profound insights into their genetics and interactions at the molecular level, revealing crucial information for developing targeted pest management strategies. Control strategies for eriophyid mites encompass chemical methods, such as applying acaricides and understanding resistance mechanisms, as well as biological control using natural predators and parasitoids. Cultural and physical control methods, including crop rotation and mechanical removal, play vital roles in integrated pest management (IPM). Emerging approaches like RNA interference (RNAi) and semiochemical-based controls offer promising alternatives for sustainable pest management. This review underscores the importance of a multifaceted approach to effectively manage eriophyid mite infestations, integrating traditional and novel strategies. Future research should focus on overcoming current challenges, enhancing the efficacy of control methods, and further exploring the molecular mechanisms underlying mite-plant interactions
Journal Article
Low-density SNP marker sets for genetic variation analysis and variety identification in cultivated citrus
Background
The
Citrus
species are major fruit crops cultivated in the world and have complex genetic relationships due to sexual comparability between
Citrus
and related genera. Of these, satsuma mandarin (
C. unshiu
(Mak.) Marc.) and sweet orange (
C. sinensis
(L.) Osb.) are widely grown diploid species. In this study, genotyping by sequencing (GBS) was conducted to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for investigating genetic variation in a citrus collection.
Results
A total of 26,903 high-quality SNPs were detected across nine chromosomes in the 144 citrus varieties, consisting of 70
C. unshiu
, 40
C. sinensis
, 22 interspecific hybrids, and 12 others. Of these, a core set of 481 SNPs was filtered based on polymorphism information content and genome distribution. Both principal component analysis (PCA) and model-based clustering showed genetic differentiation between
C. unshiu
and
C. sinensis
. For interspecific hybrids, these were separated from two species in PCA, but were mixed with each species in model-based clustering. Significant genetic differentiations between three populations were also found using the pairwise
F
st
. In addition, interspecific hybrids showed higher level of genetic diversity relative to the
C. unshiu
and
C. sinensis
populations. With the 481 SNPs, four subsets (192, 96, 48, and 24 SNPs) were generated to evaluate their performance for variety identification. Both 192 and 96 SNP sets distinguished all 144 varieties, while the 48 and 24 SNP sets separated 134 (93.1%) and 110 (76.4%), respectively.
Conclusions
The GBS-based SNP discovery led to robust and cost-effective molecular marker sets to assess genetic variation in the cultivated citrus species with narrow genetic bases. The resulting SNP sets are a resource to enhance the phenotype-based DUS testing by developing a DNA barcode system and thus facilitate new variety breeding and protection in citrus.
Journal Article
Phylogenetic Analysis of Elaeagnus L. in China: A Basis for Genetic Improvement of a Berry Crop
Elaeagnus L. is found in wild or grown as ornamental plants and is increasingly regarded as underutilized berry shrubs by breeders. This genus has cosmopolitan distribution with various species widely distributed in China, Europe, the United States, and Canada. Interspecific hybrids, which have been reported several times, have attracted intense interest from plant breeders attempting to develop a fruit crop of Elaeagnus . Orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) is a powerful statistical modeling tool that provides insights into separations between experimental groups. In this study, the molecular phylogeny of Elaeagnus species was first discussed using the ITS and matK sequences for guiding the construction of a genetic basis pool. A morphological OPLS-DA clustering model based on the genetic divergence was also constructed for the first time, which effectively realized the morphological grouping of Chinese Elaeagnus species. The results showed that a total of 10 wild species widely distributed in China have the potential to develop fruit crops. Particularly, Elaeagnus conferta has the potential to provide a founder species with a large fruit size, while Elaeagnus Gonyanthes has the potential to provide important genetic resources with long pedicel. Elaeagnus lanceolata and Elaeagnus delavayi could be used to domesticate hybrids without spines, and the other five climbing shrubs could be used to develop high-yield crown-type commercial cultivars for automated field management. The top five contributing morphological traits affecting the current clustering model were V9 (flower color), V1 (flowering), V5 (evergreen or deciduous), V3 (leaf size), and V2 (fruiting). Furthermore, the grouping analysis indicated that the V9 was the most important factor affecting morphological clustering. Thereafter, the temporally calibrated phylogeny inferred from the matK sequence was used to reconstruct the origin and evolution of the genus Elaeagnus , and the results inferred an interesting geographic distribution pattern and potential cross-species interactions of Elaeagnus species at low latitudes in China. Our study also highlighted dispersal pattern investigation and genetic background analysis to improve future practices and policies related to species introduction of genetic basis pool.
Journal Article
Semi-Quantitative Detection of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) From Bulk Trap Samples Using PCR Technology
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a ubiquitous global pest of several fruit crops. Trapped adult numbers are used to monitor populations and make control decisions, but differentiating D. suzukii from other trapped Drosophila spp. is laborious. We developed a real-time PCR method for specific detection and semi-quantification of D. suzukii from trap samples. The PCR assay did not amplify DNA from 29 other Drosophilidae species tested. Drosophila suzukii was detected from ≥0.96 pg target DNA and from laboratory samples containing one D. suzukii in 2000 other Drosophila spp. flies. We tested DNA stability of one D. suzukii in 100 Drosophila spp. flies in water or ethanol at 20, 25, or 30°C for 1, 4, or 7 d. Only water at 30°C for 7 d fully impaired D. suzukii DNA detectability. Substituting mouthwash for water resulted in D. suzukii detection in all samples held for 7 d at 30°C or daily fluctuating temperatures of 33/23°C. Traps with mouthwash as a drowning liquid had D. suzukii captures equal to traps with water. A calibration curve was established using samples in mouthwash containing 1/1,000—100/1,000 D. suzukii/total Drosophila spp. flies and incubated at 25°C for 7 d. The curve had a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9279 between D. suzukii numbers from the PCR and the true D. suzukii numbers in samples prepared in 70% ethanol. Collecting samples in mouthwash is expected to improve detection accuracy, and the qPCR method can be a useful tool to support D. suzukii monitoring and management.
Journal Article
Pseudoplagiostoma Causing Leaf Spot Disease in Key Tropical Fruit Crops in Thailand
Fruit crops have a pivotal role in Thailand’s economy. Continuous evaluation of 13 potential and emerging diseases in fruit crops is important. Necrotic and discolored leaf spots were observed in Persea americana (avocado) and Mangifera indica (mango). The isolated fungi from the leaf spot were identified through multi-loci phylogenetic analyses using a concatenated matrix of ITS, LSU, tef1α, and tub2. The fungal isolates from Pe. americana were identified as Pseudoplagiostoma perseae, and isolates from Mangifera indica were identified as Ps. mangiferae. The pathogenicity assays confirmed that Ps. perseae causes leaf spots of Pe. americana, while Ps. mangiferae causes leaf blotch of M. indica. The pathogenicity of Ps. perseae and Ps. mangiferae has been reported in China and Taiwan. Hence, this study provides a report of the novel geographical distribution of Ps. perseae and Ps. mangiferae. Moreover, the cross-inoculation tests of Ps. perseae and Ps. mangiferae on M. indica and Pe. americana were conducted, respectively. Both pathogens showed host specificity, as suggested by the phylogenetic relationship and the host plants. In addition, disease control with carbendazim, trifloxystrobin, mancozeb, and prochloraz was assayed. All fungicides equally inhibited the mycelial growth of both pathogens.
Journal Article
Exploring the potential of exotic fruit crops in India’s Sub-Himalayan region
The Sub-Himalayan and Northeastern regions of India, rich in biodiversity, have long sustained horticulture-based livelihoods, food security and ecological stability. Yet, climate variability manifesting as rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, declining chill hours and shortened dormancy periods is undermining the productivity of traditional temperate crops such as apple (
Malus domestica
), peach (
Prunus persica
), apricot (
Prunus armeniaca
) and several indigenous fruits. While these species, many of which were earlier introductions now naturalized, face declining viability, experimental trials with exotic cultivars including kiwifruit (
Actinidia deliciosa
), dragon fruit (
Hylocereus undatus
) and avocado (
Persea americana
) demonstrate promising adaptability and yield potential under evolving conditions. This review synthesizes agroecological and socio-economic dimensions shaping the integration of both native and exotic fruit crops, highlighting climatic adaptability, soil compatibility, pest–disease resilience, as well as market demand, farmer adoption and livelihood impacts. Using a crop–zone suitability framework, we identify key climatic and edaphic determinants across altitudinal gradients while underscoring strategic adaptation measures such as crop substitution, varietal shifts, elevation reallocation and agroecological intensification. The analysis suggests that diversifying horticulture through a balanced mix of indigenous, naturalized and exotic fruits can enhance climate resilience, reduce import dependence and improve rural incomes. By linking ecological adaptability with market opportunities, this study outlines pathways for a climate-resilient and economically inclusive horticultural future in the Sub-Himalayan context.
Journal Article