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"Fuel systems"
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Investigating the effect of butanol isomers on combustion and emissions in port injection dual fuel diesel engines: an experimental study
The present study examines the effects of substituting alternative fuels for diesel fuel and employing a dual fuel approach on diesel engine combustion characteristics and emissions. Various butanol isomers, namely ıso-butanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, and sec-butanol, were chosen as novelty alternative fuels. In dual fuel combustion strategy, diesel fuel was injected directly into the cylinder, while butanol isomers as a secondary fuel were introduced into the cylinder at the beginning of the intake period using a port injection technique. The tests were repeated for 15%, 30%, and 45% premixing ratios (Rp) of butanol isomers. This study presents detailed combustion parameters and pollutant emission findings produced in diesel engines employing a dual fuel strategy with butanol isomers. In general, an increase within in cylinder pressure and heat release rate was observed. Especially at a premixing ratio of 45%, an increase of 50% within heat release rate was observed. Use of all butanol isomers increased the ignition delay and shortened combustion duration. Brake thermal efficiency remained at acceptable levels, and ringing intensity was below the knock limit. In addition to an increase in CO and HC emissions, NOX emissions were also up at other premixing ratios but declined at 15%. High levels of decreased smoke opacity were recorded. Especially at a premixing ratio of 45% iso-butanol, a decrease up to 90% is remarkable. In conclusion, the combustion characteristics and pollutant emission results obtained from the experimental engine are discussed in detail according to the operating parameters. The obtained findings provide important information about the performance and emission profiles of alternative fuels and dual fuel systems and provide guidance for future research.
Journal Article
Hybrid fuel cell system degradation modeling methods: A comprehensive review
Last years, the fuel cell has become well-known as an efficient and clean energy converter being a potential alternative to internal combustion engines. However, despite being very promising, the durability of those systems is still a bottleneck. Most of the time, a fuel cell is integrated in a hybrid system which considers the fuel cell stack, the battery, and the balance of plant. To keep improving the durability of such a system, diagnostic and prognostic tools are of particular importance and to implement such tools, modeling the system is a mandatory step. The purpose of this paper is to propose a critical review of the existing methods to model all elements of a hybrid fuel cell system according to operating conditions and degradation. In this review, interactions and major degradation mechanisms occurring at all components will be presented and the physicsbased models, data-driven and hybrid models of these components reviewed. Finally, methods will be discussed, and advantages and drawbacks will be summarized.
Journal Article
Energy conversion and green energy storage
\"Energy Conversion and Green Energy Storage presents recent developments in renewable energy conversion and green energy storage. Covering technical expansions in renewable energy and applications, energy storage, and solar photovoltaics, the book features chapters written by global experts in the field. The book serves as a useful reference for researchers, graduate students, and engineers in the field of energy. Providing insights related to various forms of renewable energy, the book discusses developments in solar photovoltaic applications. The book also includes simulation codes and programs, such as Wien2k code, VASP code, and MATLAB®\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Effect of Species Concentrations on the Characteristics of Combustion and Detonation of Methane–Hydrogen–Oxygen–Nitrogen Mixtures
Data on the parameters of combustion and detonation of single-fuel systems methane–oxygen (air) and hydrogen–oxygen (air), as well as double-fuel systems methane–hydrogen–oxygen (air) with variation of the ratio between the initial species are presented. The influence of combustible system preheating on the parameters of detonation and combustion products is analyzed for fuel-lean, stoichiometric, and fuel-rich mixtures. It is found that preheating has a strong effect in fuel-lean combustible systems, which is manifested as reduction of the critical energy of initiation by several orders of magnitude.
Journal Article
The impact of sustainable aviation fuels on aircraft fuel line ice formation and pump performance
With the aviation industry facing increasing environmental and energy challenges, there has been a growing demand for sustainable aviation fuel (SAF). Previous studies have shown the role of ice accretion, release and blockage in aviation-related incidents and accidents with conventional jet fuel. However, there is no available data that establishes the magnitude of influence new fuel compositions will pose on ice formation and accretion in aircraft fuel systems. A recirculating fuel test rig capable of cooling fuel from ambient to −30°C within 4h was built by Airbus to simulate conditions in an aircraft wing tank and allow characterisation of ice accretion. The key characteristic was the pressure drop across an inline fuel strainer for the different SAF explored but visual analysis of ice accretion on the strainer mesh (filters used in protecting fuel feed pumps) was also performed for individual experimental runs for comparison. Measurements revealed that 100% conventional fuel exhibited a higher propensity to strainer blockage compared to the SAF tested. However, all SAF blends behaved differently as the blending ratio with Jet A-1 fuel had an impact on the pressure differential at different temperatures. Data from this work are essential to establish confidence in the safe operation of future aircraft fuel systems that will potentially be compatible with 100 % SAF.
Journal Article
Automotive Fuels Reference Book, Fourth Edition
The earlier editions of this title have been best-selling definitive references for those needing technical information about automotive fuels. This long-awaited latest edition has been thoroughly revised and updated, yet retains the original fundamental fuels information that readers find so useful, This book is written for those with an interest in or a need to understand automotive fuels. Because automotive fuels can no longer be developed in isolation from the engines that will convert the fuel into the power necessary to drive our automobiles, knowledge of automotive fuels will also be essential to those working with automotive engines. Small quantities of fuel additives increasingly play an important role in bridging the gap that often exists between fuel that can easily be produced and fuel that is needed by the ever-more sophisticated automotive engine. This book pulls together in a single, extensively referenced volume, the three different but related topics of automotive fuels, fuel additives, and engines, and shows how all three areas work together. It includes a brief history of automotive fuels development, followed by chapters on automotive fuels manufacture from crude oil and other fossil sources. One chapter is dedicated to the manufacture of automotive fuels and fuel blending components from renewable sources, including e-fuels. The safe handling, transport, and storage of fuels, from all sources, are covered. New combustion systems to achieve reduced emissions and increased efficiency are discussed, and the way in which the fuels’ physical and chemical characteristics affect these combustion processes and the emissions produced are included. As CO2 is now an important emission there is also discussion regarding low and non-carbon fuels and how they might be used. There is also discussion on engine fuel system development and how these different systems affect the corresponding fuel requirements. Because the book is for a global market, fuel system technologies that only exist in the legacy fleet in some markets are included. The way in which fuel requirements are developed and specified is discussed. This covers test methods from simple laboratory bench tests, through engine testing, and long-term test procedures.
eBook
Decarbonization Potential of Alternative Fuels in Container Shipping: A Case Study of the EVER ALOT Vessel
Environmental emissions from the maritime sector, including CO2, NOx, and SOx, contribute significantly to global air pollution and climate change. The International Maritime Organization (IMO) has set a target to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping to reach zero GHG by 2050 compared to 2008 levels. To meet these goals, the IMO strongly encourages the transition to alternative fuels, such as hydrogen, ammonia, and biofuels, as part of a broader decarbonization strategy. This study presents a comparative analysis of converting conventional diesel engines to dual-fuel systems utilizing alternative fuels such as methanol or natural gas. The methodology of this research is based on theoretical calculations to estimate various types of emissions produced by conventional marine fuels. These results are then compared with the emissions generated when using methanol and natural gas in dual-fuel engines. The analysis is conducted using the EVER ALOT container ship as a case study. The evaluation focuses on both environmental and economic aspects of engines operating in natural gas–diesel and methanol–diesel dual-fuel modes. The results show that using 89% natural gas in a dual fuel engine reduces nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur oxides (SOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), particulate matter (PM), and carbon monoxide (CO) pollutions by 77.69%, 89.00%, 18.17%, 89.00%, and 30.51%, respectively, while the emissions percentage will be 77.78%, 91.00%, 54.67%, 91.00%, and 55.90%, in order, when using methanol as a dual fuel with percentage 91.00% Methanol. This study is significant as it highlights the potential of natural gas and methanol as viable alternative fuels for reducing harmful emissions in the maritime sector. The shift toward these cleaner fuels could play a crucial role in supporting the maritime industry’s transition to low-emission operations, aligning with global environmental regulations and sustainability goals.
Journal Article
Techno-economic and resource analysis of hydroprocessed renewable jet fuel
Background:Biomass‑derived jet fuel is an alternative jet fuel (AJF) showing promise of reducing the dependence on fossil fuel and greenhouse gas emissions. Hydroprocessed esters and fatty acids (HEFA) concept is also known as one of the pathways for producing bio jet fuel. HEFA fuel was approved by the American Society for Testing and Materials in 2011, and can be blended up to 50% with conventional jet fuel. Since then, several HEFA economic and life‑cycle assessments have been published in literature. However, there have been limited analyses on feedstock availability,composition, and their impact on hydrocarbon yield (particularly jet blendstock yield) and overall process economics.Results:This study examines over 20 oil feedstocks, their geographic distribution and production levels, oil yield, prices, and chemical composition. The results of our compositional analysis indicate that most oils contain mainly C16 and C18 fatty acids except pennycress, yellow grease, and mustard, which contain higher values and thus would require hydrocracking to improve jet fuel production. Coconut oil has a large content of shorter carbon fatty acids, making it a good feedstock candidate for renewable gasoline instead of jet substitutes’ production. Techno‑economic analysis (TEA) was performed for five selected oil feedstocks—camelina, pennycress, jatropha, castor bean, and yellow grease—using the HEFA process concept.Conclusion:The resource analysis indicates that oil crops currently grown in the United States (namely soybean) have relatively low oil yield when compared to oil crops grown in other parts of the world, such as palm, coconut, and jatropha. Also, non‑terrestrial oil sources, such as animal fats and greases, have relatively lower prices than terrestrial oil crops. The minimum jet fuel selling price for these five resources ranges between$3.8 and $ 11.0 per gallon. The results of our TEA and resource studies indicate the key cost drivers for a biorefinery converting oil to jet hydrocarbons are as follows: oil price, conversion plant capacity, fatty acid profile, addition of hydrocracker, and type of hydroprocessing catalysts.
Journal Article