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Synthesis of Core–Shell Micro/Nanoparticles and Their Tribological Application: A Review
Owing to the diverse composition, adjustable performance, and synergistic effect among components, core–shell micro/nanoparticles have been widely applied in the field of tribology in recent years. The strong combination with the matrix and the good dispersion of reinforcing fillers in the composites could be achieved through the design of core–shell structural particles based on the reinforcing fillers. In addition, the performance of chemical mechanical polishing could be improved by optimizing the shell material coated on the abrasive surface. The physical and chemical state of the core–shell micro/nanoparticles played important effects on the friction and wear properties of materials. In this paper, the synthesis methods, the tribological applications (acted as solid/liquid lubricant additive, chemical mechanical polishing abrasives and basic units of lubricant matrix), and the functionary mechanisms of core–shell micro/nanoparticles were systematically reviewed, and the future development of core–shell micro/nanoparticles in tribology was also prospected.
Journal Article
On the Outside Looking In: Difficulties in Obtaining the Opinions of Muslim Religious Leaders’ Views on Domestic Violence Experienced by Married Muslim Women
In this paper I discuss the difficulties I faced in getting access to respondents in a qualitative study on the opinions of Muslim religious leaders on domestic violence experienced by Muslim married women. This in turn highlighted the need for me to reflect carefully on my own assumptions about my insider status and take into account how prospective participants identify me as a researcher. For the study on which I am reflecting, I chose an interpretive research paradigm which falls under the umbrella of qualitative research. This research paradigm was necessary as it places emphasis on context and nuanced meanings and was intended to allow me to interrogate the way religious leaders dealt with domestic violence and the rationale behind their approaches. Using this approach allowed me to explore some of the structural constraints that came to the fore via anecdotal research. This paper presents the challenges I faced and how I looked to overcome them and includes a detailed discussion of why the qualitative research approach was the most appropriate for this study, how I selected the participants, and how I experienced the interview process. Importantly, it speaks to reflexivity. In May of 2017, I set out to conduct in-depth semi-structured interviews within the Gauteng region using purposive and snowball sampling. Trying to access participants proved to be difficult and it became clear that a mistrust exists between the academy and some theological organizations. Insider/outsider phenomena, which were envisaged at the proposal stage, proved to be important.
Journal Article
Functionaries’ ‘duty to act
The safety of teachers has been researched in South Africa, but less is known about education law that regulates functionaries’ duty to act to ensure teachers’ right to safety from violence in public schools. Section 12(1)(c) of the Constitution of 1996 provides that “(1) [e]veryone has the right to freedom and security of the person, which includes the right ... (c) to be free from all forms of violence from either public or private sources” (RSA, 1996a). This study focused on teachers’ right to safety from violence when they are on duty in public schools. The study aimed to identify and discuss various South African laws that regulate the duty to act to protect teachers’ right to safety from violence in public schools and to investigate how these laws are applied in practice by asking three research questions. The study employed a qualitative research approach grounded in an interpretive paradigm, underpinned by a theory of social safety that recognises the importance of teachers feeling secure in their interactions with others. Qualitative data were collected employing document analysis of education law and previous empirical studies (secondary data from 2013 to 2023). The findings revealed that there is sufficient provision of education law in South Africa that regulates functionaries’ duty to act to protect teachers’ right to safety from violence in public schools. However, the challenge lies in the insufficient understanding and implementation of the provisions outlined in education laws. It is recommended that functionaries be trained on the duty to act to protect teachers’ right to safety from violence. The attainment of teachers’ safety from violence hinges on the understanding and application of the existing provisions within education law that governs the duty to act.
Journal Article
A mixed-methods study on impact of active case finding on pulmonary tuberculosis treatment outcomes in India
Background
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant public health burden in India, with elimination targets set for 2025. Active case finding (ACF) is crucial for improving TB case detection rates, although conclusive evidence of its association with treatment outcomes is lacking. Our study aims to investigate the impact of ACF on successful TB treatment outcomes among pulmonary TB patients in Gujarat, India, and explore why ACF positively impacts these outcomes.
Methods
We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis in Gujarat, India, including 1,638 pulmonary TB cases identified through ACF and 80,957 cases through passive case finding (PCF) from January 2019 to December 2020. Generalized logistic mixed-model compared treatment outcomes between the ACF and PCF groups. Additionally, in-depth interviews were conducted with 11 TB program functionaries to explore their perceptions of ACF and its impact on TB treatment outcomes.
Results
Our analysis revealed that patients diagnosed through ACF exhibited 1.4 times higher odds of successful treatment outcomes compared to those identified through PCF. Program functionaries emphasized that ACF enhances case detection rates and enables early detection and prompt treatment initiation. This early intervention facilitates faster sputum conversion and helps reduce the infectious period, thereby improving treatment outcomes. Functionaries highlighted that ACF identifies TB cases that might otherwise be missed, ensuring timely and appropriate treatment.
Conclusion
ACF significantly improves TB treatment outcomes in Gujarat, India. The mixed-methods analysis demonstrates a positive association between ACF and successful TB treatment, with early detection and prompt treatment initiation being key factors. Insights from TB program functionaries underscore the importance of ACF in ensuring timely diagnosis and treatment, which are critical for better treatment outcomes. Expanding ACF initiatives, especially among hard-to-reach populations, can further enhance TB control efforts. Future research should focus on optimizing ACF strategies and integrating additional interventions to sustain and improve TB treatment outcomes.
Journal Article
Druze Women—Political and Religious Leaders Throughout History
The Druze community has survived for a thousand years, during which it witnessed the emergence of female political and religious leaders. However, the Isma‘ili foundations of the Druze religion favored women without offering them considerable rights. This study describes the political actions of women leaders who are considered unique and outstanding leaders in the history of Druze society. The women discussed in this article share some features: all came from an elite social background; all were endowed with outstanding leadership qualities, which gave them status and prestige in the community; and, in keeping with Druze female leadership, all were identified with female sanctity and spirituality. Additionally, these women were portrayed in folk stories and biographies as women characterized by boldness, courage, leadership, and especially charisma to lead in the public sphere and not just the private one, in contrast to what is expected of Druze women as belonging to the private sphere, the family. This article argues that the combination of the level of positive consciousness toward women in the Druze religion and the elite status of these women, in addition to being unique charismatic personalities in Druze society and in their era, explains how they acquired their leadership role in the Druze community. Furthermore, while engaging in social and political activism, these women never employed their privileged status to promote gender equality in their societies.
Journal Article
Local Governance and Caretaker Committee System in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic: Interrogating the Grassroots Implications
Nigeria operates a constitutional democracy and therefore ought to promote democratic norms and ethos in the election of political functionaries that govern the grassroots. This was expected to confer legitimacy to the democratic government and in the process formulate people-oriented welfare programmes that should facilitate socio-economic and political development. However, the nature of the selection of nonelected public office holders through imposing of political functionaries by the state governors at the local governments was antithetic to democratic nuances as well as the 1999 constitution as amended. This has led to these cronies being loyal to the governors at the expense of the grassroots’ welfare. The study adopted a phenomenological design. Data were collected through interviews from the lived experiences of current and retired Local government chairmen in selected states, politicians and people at the grassroots. Documentary data were sourced from peer reviewed publications and internet sources. Data were content analysed. The paper found that state governors in Nigeria handpicked their cronies as caretaker committees to administer the local governance in the Fourth Republic. The reason for the selection of cronies was to have access to the local government revenue and this has affected socio-economic and political development at the grassroots. The study recommended that local government should be run by democratically elected officials. Again, institutional procedures should be initiated to encourage an electoral process that will promote political participation, accountability and openness in the management of local government finance. This will enable the elected political functionaries to be accountable to the electorates and facilitate socio-economic and political development.
Journal Article
Exploring Female Muslim Educational Leadership in a Multicultural Canadian Context
This study explores the stories and experiences of female Muslim leaders in K-12 Islamic schools in Greater Toronto Area (GTA), Canada. Using the Islamic Leadership theory and practice framework, visible minority leaders from K-12 Islamic Schools were empowered to share their leadership narratives reflecting on their own identities as females and Muslim leaders in a multicultural context. Based on interviews with five school leaders, this study unveils that female Muslim leaders in K-12 schools prioritize personalized leadership, compassionate treatment of individuals, adaptive leadership, a strong emphasis on faith-based identity, and a theocentric worldview in their practice of educational leadership. Ultimately, this study sheds light on female Muslim educational leaders’ diverse and profound perspectives, showcasing their roles as initiators, role models, and facilitators of positive change in their communities. Their narratives reveal the significance of faith, compassion, and inclusivity in leadership, serving as valuable insights for enhancing leadership practices in Canadian K-12 Islamic education.
Journal Article
Techniques for postmortem tenderisation in meat processing: effectiveness, application and possible mechanisms
Developing efficient and promising tenderising techniques for postmortem meat is a heavily researched topic among meat scientists as consumers are willing to pay more for guaranteed tender meat. However, emerging tenderising techniques are not broadly used in the meat industry and, to some degree, are controversial due to lack of theoretical support. Thus, understanding the mechanisms involved in postmortem tenderisation is essential. This article first provides an overview of the relationship of ageing tenderisation and calpain system, as well as proteomics applied to identify protein biomarkers characterizing tenderness. In general, the ageing tenderisation is mediated by multiple biochemical activities, and it can exhibit better palatability and commercial benefit by combining other interventions. The calpain system plays a key role in ageing tenderisation functions by rupturing myofibrils and regulating proteolysis, glycolysis, apoptosis and metabolic modification. Additionally, tenderising techniques from different aspects including exogenous enzymes, chemistry, physics and the combined methods are discussed in depth. Particularly, innovation of home cooking could be recommended to prepare relatively tender meat due to its convenience and ease of operation by consumers. Furthermore, the combined interventions provide better performance in controlled tenderness. Finally, future trends in developing new tenderising techniques, and applied consideration in the meat processing industry are proposed in order to improve meat quality with higher economical value.
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