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In the Dutch Republic, charitable collections were regularly organized by both religious and secular authorities. This book examines the policies of church boards and town councils in organizing these charitable appeals, as well as the general population's giving behavior. Using archival sources from the towns of Delft, Utrecht, Zwolle, and 's-Hertogenbosch, Daniëlle Teeuwen shows how these authorities deployed organizational and rhetorical tactics-including creating awareness, establishing trust, and exerting pressure-to successfully promote fundraising campaigns. Not only did many relief institutions manage to collect large annual sums, but contributions came from across the socioeconomic spectrum.

From 1964 through 1978, the US poured billions of dollars into an ambitious program larger than the Human Genome Project: developing a human cancer vaccine. This massive program emerged in spite of cancer specialists' continuing denials that human cancer viruses even existed, rather than through their endorsement. This paradox reveals the extent to which the development of biomedical research follows not only scientific consensus, but also how society understands disease. Polio activists pioneered the sentimental images of vulnerable children that are now ubiquitous in fundraising for disease research. Polio had emerged as a public health problem in the early twentieth century. In the 1930s, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who had been struck by polio as an adult, used his popularity to raise money for polio rehabilitation through annual birthday fundraisers.

Context: For more than a century, policy in the United States has incentivized both expansion in the number and size of tax-exempt nonprofit organizations in the health sector and their commercialization. The implementation of the Affordable Care Act of 2010 (ACA) began yet another chapter in the history of this policy paradox. Methods: This article explores the origin and persistence of the paradox using what many scholars call \"interpretive social science.\" This methodology prioritizes history and contingency over formal theory and methods in order to present coherent and plausible narratives of events and explanations for them. These narratives are grounded in documents generated by participants in particular events, as well as conversations with them, observing them in action, and analysis of pertinent secondary sources. The methodology achieves validity and reliability by gathering information from multiple sources and making disciplined judgments about its coherence and correspondence with reality. Findings: A paradox with deep historical roots persists as a result of consensus about its value for both population health and the revenue of individuals and organizations in the health sector. Participants in this consensus include leaders of governance who have disagreed about many other issues. The paradox persists because of assumptions about the burden of disease and how to address it, as well as about the effects of biomedical science that is translated into professional education, practice, and the organization of services for the prevention, diagnosis, treatment, and management of illness. Conclusions: The policy paradox that has incentivized the growth and commercialization of nonprofits in the health sector since the late 19th century remains influential in health policy, especially for the allocation of resources. However, aspects of the implementation of the ACA may constrain some of the effects of the paradox.

Complementing government and industry funding, philanthropies have made distinct contributions to altering the trajectory of cancer research. This Science and Society article aims to investigate the changing role of philanthropy in fostering cancer research, with emphasis on the work of non-profit institutions. Complementing government and industry funding, philanthropies have made distinct contributions to altering the trajectory of cancer research, often in ways that reflect both the business training of their donors and their close ties to the lay public.

Energised by these passionate words of adviser Frederick Gates at the inaugural Board meeting in 1913, John D Rockefeller launched the Rockefeller Foundation (RF), which would see health eventually command more than half of its budget in the first half of the 20th century. A year later, the China Medical Board (CMB) was launched as RF's second major project, and endowed in 1928 as an independent foundation. CMB would eventually become RF's largest-ever financed project, and China the largest beneficiary country outside of the USA.

Volunteers and charitable organizations contribute significantly to community welfare through their prosocial behavior: that is, discretionary behavior such as assisting, comforting, sharing, and cooperating intended to help worthy beneficiaries. This essay focuses on prosocial behavior on the Internet. It describes how offline charitable organizations are using the Net to become more efficient and effective. It also considers entirely new models of Net-based volunteer behavior directed at creating socially beneficial information goods and services. After exploring the scope and diversity of online prosocial behavior, the essay focuses on ways to encourage this kind of behavior through appropriate task and social structures, motivational signals, and trust indicators. It concludes by asking how local offline communities ultimately could be diminished or strengthened as prosocial behavior increases online.