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Notions of an arcadian farming life permeate settler-Australian understandings of themselves and their nation. Qualities of hard work, perseverance, resourcefulness, and a steady devotion to family and community—the historian John Hirst's Pioneer Legend—are idealised in this nation. But the people from whom the legend is derived have rarely been studied in depth. They are more the stuff of myth and fond imagining than of concerted examination. To what extent is the legend built on lived experience? How have farming people thought of themselves and their contribution to a wider national mythos? 'We are a farming class’ examines the lives of people in the farmlands surrounding Dubbo in the New South Wales central west between the 1870s and the 1950s, from free selection and the establishment of agriculture to the dawning of postwar prosperity and change. What emerges is a closely documented, ethnographically rich portrait of a way of life and culture at once distinctive and surprising, recognisable and unknown.

Background & objectives: Although, the number of considerable cases of dengue and lymphatic filariasis have been reported from Galle District, Sri Lanka in the past several years, contribution of abandoned boats to spread vector mosquitoes of Aedes and Culex in the coast is not well studied. Our aim was to assess the positive composition of different types of abandoned boats by larval vector mosquitoes to investigate their occurrence and habitat preference, and the monsoonal and co-existence variation of Aedes mosquitoes. Methods: The 4th instar larvae of Aedes and Culex species from three different abandoned boat types in nine subsampling sites at three municipal areas in Galle District were collected during 2017-2019. In total, 15 sampling rounds were conducted in each site for three years duration as five sample rounds per year. Larval collections and identifications were carried out using standard techniques and identification keys according to WHO guidelines. The occurrence of mosquito larvae was analysed by boat type, locations within area and year. Further, the average infestation variation of Aedes mosquitoes were compared with monsoonal and co-existence changers. Results; Out of the total abandoned boats, majority (51%) were engine boats and, 32.7%, 16.35% were troller boats and canoe boats, respectively. Troller boats were highly infested boat type for vector mosquitoes. Aedes albopictus was the dominant vector in abandoned boats other than recorded Ae. aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus. Culex quinquefasciatus showed comparatively low infestation percentages. The average infestation of Ae. albopictus showed a consistent pattern with monsoon variation. A competitive rapid invasion of Aedes aegypti was observed with the suppressing Ae. albopictus in abandoned boats after 2018. Interpretation & conclusion: Abandoned boats contribute noteworthy to spread of Aedes and Culex vector mosquitoes in coastal belt, Galle District. These study findings would be helpful for researchers and health authorities to design appropriate vector control measures and to mitigate future dengue and filariasis outbreaks.

Spanish poet, playwright, and novelist Félix Lope de Vega (1562-1635) was a key figure of Golden Age Spanish literature, second only in stature to Cervantes, and is considered the founder of Spain's classical theater.

While in Antwerp to work on his edition of the Polyglot Bible (1573), the Spanish humanist Benito Arias Montano met the Dutch engraver, Philip Galle. They collaborated on the publication of the Virorum doctorum de disciplinis benemerentium effigies XLIIII (1572), a collection of over 40 portraits, each accompanied by a Latin epigram by the Spaniard. One of these portraits corresponds to Thomas More; and it was the first time that an engraving of Henry VIII’s Chancellor appeared in a portrait book. This study analyzes More’s presence in Galle’s and Arias Montano’s volume. After dealing with the sources of Galle’s graphic representation of More and its formal analysis, we clarify why the Spanish Netherlands were a most fitting context for the popularisation of More’s image in printed works. The Spaniard’s possible role in the creation of the final list of 44 illustrious men is also relevant, though it has primarily been argued by Spanish scholars. Other aspects related to the genesis of the Virorum doctorum are also taken into account before concluding with an analysis of the two versions of the Latin epigram that Arias Montano composed for More, a synthesis of what the Spaniard admired in the ill-fated English author.

Undoubtedly, urbanization has improved human living conditions. However, it has also altered the natural landscape, leading to negative consequences such as increased Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Urban Heat Island (UHI) due to the expansion of Impervious Surface (IS). Much research has been conducted in other countries on the effects of changing urban landscape structures on LST and UHI formation. However, in Sri Lanka, only a few studies have been available on this topic, primarily concentrating on major cities like Colombo. Impervious Surface is absorbing high amounts of solar energy as well, which accelerates the magnitude of UHI in urbanized areas. Remote Sensing indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Buildup Index (NDBI), UHI, and Environmental Criticality Index (ECI) can effectively be used to quantify the intensity of the UHI phenomenon. This study aimed to investigate the effect of spatiotemporal variations in IS and Green Surface (GS) on UHI, LST, and the environmental criticality in Galle Municipal Council (MC), Sri Lanka employing multi-temporal Landsat-5 and 8 data from four different periods: 1996, 2005, 2014, and 2022. Different geospatial techniques including supervised image classification, Urban-Rural Gradient Zone (URGZ) analysis, grid-based analysis, UHI profiles, and regression analysis were used in the study. The findings revealed that Impervious Surface increased by 42.3% (7.34 km 2 ) while Green Surface had a decline of 22.5% (3.91 km 2 ) during the concerned period. This landscape transition led to a 2.74 C increase in mean surface temperature in the study area, along with a 9.5 C increase in the UHI index during 26 years. The results further revealed that Impervious Surface rapidly developed within 4 km (URGZ1-19) from city center, while Green Surface decreased. Newly built-up areas within the 1.5 km gradient (URGZ1-URGZ8) were more affected by increased LST. A positive correlation was identified between NDBI and LST, especially in the year 2022, with an R 2 of 0.457, while NDVI and LST reported a negative R 2 of 0.257. The grid-based analysis demonstrated an increasingly positive relationship between mean LST and the fraction of Impervious Surface, highlighting the role of built-up areas in raising LST and UHI in the MC. As a result, very high environmental critical areas have been concentrated in and around high-density Impervious Surface. Thus, it can be predicted that the UHI effect and Environmental Criticality (EC) may increase further in the future. In this context, planning agencies should prioritize green urban planning strategies, such as implementing green belts and urban agriculture in the study area, particularly in and around areas with high LST and high environmental criticality. This approach may help protect the natural environment and sustainably ensure the health of the urban community.

Background The emergence of leptospirosis-associated severe pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome (SPHS) with high case fatality has been reported from many countries. Understanding of clinical disease and sequel of SPHS needs larger studies with adequate numbers. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics and sequel by different therapeutic approaches for SPHS in Leptospirosis in Sri Lanka. Methods This study was conducted at Teaching Hospital-Karapitiya (THK), Galle, Sri Lanka from June 2015 to December 2017. THK is the main tertiary care center for the Southern Province. All confirmed-cases of leptospirosis who presented during this period and were admitted to five medical units of THK were included in this study. SPHS was defined as a patient presenting; haemoptysis, arterial hypoxemia (Acute Lung Injury Score < 2.5), haemoglobin drop (10% from the previous value), or diffused alveolar shadows in the chest radiograph, without alternative explanation other than leptospirosis. Results Of the 128 MAT confirmed cases of leptospirosis, 111 (86.7%) had acute kidney injury (AKI) whilst SPHS was seen in 80 (62.5%). Patients typically developed SPHS within the first week of illness, mostly on days 4 and 5. The case fatality rate of this study sample was 28.1% ( n  = 36), while for patients with SPHS, it was 41.5%. Most of the deaths ( n  = 19) were within the first 3 days of admission (on the same day 8, and within next 48 h 11). Among SPHS patients, 59 received therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). The survival rate was higher ( n  = 35, 74.5%) when the TPE was performed within the first 48 h of detecting SPHS compared to patients in whom the procedure was done after 48 h ( n  = 5, 54.5%). Of the 19 leptosprosis patients with SPHS who did not receive TPE, 17 died (89.5%). However, the group of patients who received TPE was primarily the patients survived beyond day 3. Conclusions We observed that during the study period, SPHS was common and the mortality rate was higher in the study area. The treatment modalities tested need further evaluation and confirmation.

An investigation into the biodiversity of Cynipidae galls (Hymenoptera) residing within the oak forests of the Edough massif in Annaba (northeast Algeria) spanned from October 2016 to September 2019, aimed to update the faunal list of galls, assess their specialization and organ preferences, and evaluate the impact of seasonal fluctuations on their abundance. A total of 19783 galls were collected, belonging to 13 different species on both and . All the oak Cynipidae galls collected belonged to eight genera: , , , , , , and . Abundance peaked during winter, contrasting with significantly lower levels in summer. The gall population exhibited a diverse and balanced distribution during spring (H=2.35; E=0.74). However, it was very low in summer (H=0.51; E=0.26). The results obtained thus are added to the available data concerning Cynipidae galls on oak trees ( and ) in Algeria. This emphasizes the need for further research aimed at enhancing our comprehension of this specific population.

This study investigated the spatiotemporal changes of land use land cover (LULC) and its impact on land surface temperature (LST) in the Galle Municipal Council area (GMCA), Sri Lanka. The same was achieved by employing the multi-temporal satellite data and geo-spatial techniques between 1996 and 2019. The post-classification change detection technique was employed to determine the temporal changes of LULC, and its results were utilized to assess the LST variation over the LULC changes. The results revealed that the area had undergone a drastic LULC transformation. It experienced 38% increase in the built-up area, while vegetation and non-built-up area declined by 26% and 12%, respectively. Rapid urban growth has had a significant effect on the LST, and the built-up area had the highest mean LST of 22.7 °C, 23.2 °C, and 26.3 °C for 1996, 2009, and 2019, correspondingly. The mean LST of the GMCA was 19.2 °C in 1996, 20.1 °C in 2009, and 22.4 °C in 2019. The land area with a temperature above 24 °C increased by 9% and 12% in 2009 and 2019, respectively. The highest LST variation (5.5 °C) was observed from newly added built-up area, which was also transferred from vegetation land. Meanwhile, the lowest mean LST difference was observed from newly added vegetation land. The results show that the mean annual LST increased by 3.2 °C in the last 22 years in GMCA. This study identified significant challenges for urban planners and respective administrative bodies to mitigate and control the negative effect of LST for the long livability of Galle City.

Tekste plačiau pristatoma ir nagrinėjama vieno Lietuvos menotyros apyvartoje nežinoto grafikos lakšto ikonografija. Tai nyderlandų graverio Theodooro Galle pagal LDK didiko Mikalojaus Kristupo Radvilos Našlaitėlio sumanymą išraižytas grafikos kūrinys, kuris gimė didikui bendradarbiaujant su Plantino-Moretus spaustuvininkais ir nyderlandų graveriais, kai spaudai buvo rengiamas garsios Radvilos Našlaitėlio knygos Kelionė po Jeruzalę aprašymas. Raižinyje persipina kelios temos – žmogaus gimties, gyvenimo, mirties ir amžinojo gyvenimo tema, taip pat galime įžvelgti Radvilos Našlaitėlio gyvenimo istoriją, atsispindi to laiko žmogaus gyvenimo vertybės, santykis su Šv. Raštu ir mąstymas apie amžinybę.