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The green analytical procedure index (GAPI) has been widely used to assess the greenness of different steps in analytical methodology. In the GAPI index, the different stages of the chemical analysis process are depicted using five pentagrams divided in subsections, labeled green, yellow, or red according to the degree of greenness. This GAPI tool provides a quick overview of the environmental impact and safety of the procedure. However, there is no total score that can be calculated from the GAPI metric to enable comparison between methods. In this work, a modified GAPI tool (MoGAPI) and software have been developed and applied to address the limitations of the current GAPI metric. The presented tool offers a more precise assessment of greenness, while the software simplifies and expedites its application. It also combines the advantages of the analytical Eco-Scale with the merits of the widely used GAPI metric. This tool was successfully applied to calculate the greenness of a few case studies and applications to show the applicability of this modified metric. The software for the MoGAPI tool is also freely available (open source) at bit.ly/MoGAPI to facilitate application and method comparison. The MoGAPI tool and its software represent a significant advancement in greenness assessment, providing researchers with a robust and user-friendly means to evaluate and compare analytical methods.

A novel, eco-friendly spectrofluorimetric method has been developed for the sensitive determination of capivasertib, based on resonance Rayleigh scattering enhancement. Unlike previously reported methods, this approach utilizes erythrosine B as a safer ion-pairing reagent in an acidic aqueous medium, eliminating the need for organic solvents or complex extraction steps. The interaction between capivasertib and erythrosine B leads to a stable ion-pair complex, producing a strong Rayleigh scattering signal measurable at λex530/λem550 nm. The method demonstrated excellent linearity over the range of 20–2000 ng mL⁻¹, with a detection limit of 5.61 ng mL⁻¹ and a quantification limit of 17 ng mL⁻¹. All analytical parameters were optimized and validated according to ICH guidelines. To holistically substantiate sustainability, the method’s environmental and practical profiles were appraised using all contemporary greenness/whiteness/applicability metrics employed in this work: Analytical Eco-Scale (ESA), NEMI pictogram, GAPI, AGREE, and AGREE-prep for sample-preparation greenness; the White Analytical Chemistry RGB12 model (whiteness); and the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) (blueness/applicability). This work introduces a greener, simpler, and more accessible alternative for capivasertib analysis, with potential applications in pharmaceutical quality control and routine laboratory testing.

A cost-effective, selective, sensitive, and operational TLC-densitometric approach has been adapted for the concurrent assay of Hydroxyzine Hydrochloride (HYX), Ephedrine Hydrochloride (EPH), and Theophylline (THP) in their pure powder and pharmaceutical forms. In the innovative TLC-densitometric approach, HYX, EPH, and THP were efficaciously separated and quantified on a 60F254 silica gel stationary phase with chloroform–ammonium acetate buffer (9.5:0.5, v/v) adjusted to pH 6.5 using ammonia solution as a mobile liquid system and UV detection at 220 nm. The novel TLC method validation has been performed in line with the international conference for harmonization (ICH) standards and has been effectively used for the estimation of the researched medicines in their pharmaceutical formulations without intervention from excipients. Additionally, parameters affecting the chromatographic analysis have been investigated. The new TLC approach’s functionality and greenness were appraised using three modern and automated tools, namely the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI), the Analytical Greenness metric (AGREE), and the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) tools. In short, the greenness characteristics were not achieved as a result of using mandatory, non-ecofriendly solvents such as ammonia and chloroform. On the contrary, the applicability and usefulness of the novel TLC approach were attained via concurrent estimation for the three drugs using simple and straightforward procedures. Moreover, the novel TLC method outperforms previously published HPLC ones in terms of the short run time per sample and moderate pH value for the liquid system. According to the conclusions of comparisons with previously recorded TLC methods, our novel HPTLC method has the highest AGREE score, so it is the greenest HPTLC strategy. Moreover, its functionality and applicability are very appropriate because of the simultaneous assessment of three drugs in one TLC run. Furthermore, no tedious and complicated extraction and evaporation processes are prerequisites.

In this issue, Co(II), Pb(II), and Pd(II) were separated using an economical and green microextraction technique. The air agitation was used as a green co-factor with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction solidified floating organic drop (AA-DLLME-SFO), which addresses the major drawbacks of the previous techniques. The procedure involved the use of folic acid, 1-undecanol and acetone as chelating agent, extraction solvent and disperser, respectively. Co(II), Pb(II), and Pd(II) detection limits were 0.042, 0.022, and 0.055 µg L −1 , respectively. The preconcentration factors were 100 for all ions. For all metal ions investigated, the linearity has a wide range (0.5–100 µg L −1 ). The increased sensitivity depends on lower detection limits and higher preconcentration factors. Standard reference materials were used to ensure the accuracy of this approach. The selected procedure was used to measure trace quantities of heavy metals in river water and wastewater samples using flame atomic absorption spectrometry with great success. Finally, the greenness of the applied technique was assessed using two tools, the Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical Greenness Metric (AGREE). The GAPI graphic has eight green boxes, four yellow boxes, and three red boxes, and the AGREE index yields a total score of 0.78. The AA-DLLME-SFO approach is an environmentally friendly and sustainable procedure. Graphical abstract

In the near future, Poland is going to have more and more favorable conditions for viticulture. Organic acids and polyphenols are among the most commonly analyzed compounds due to their beneficial properties for human health and their importance in the winemaking process. In this work, a new technique involving ultrasound-assisted solvent extraction of porous membrane-packed liquid samples (UASE-PMLS) was for the first time described and applied for real samples. The methodology based on UASE-PMLS for organic acids and polyphenols in wine samples was optimized and validated. Using the new technique coupled to GC–MS, organic acids and polyphenols were evaluated in Polish wine samples. Extraction solvent, extraction temperature, derivatization time and sample pH were optimized. Chemometric tools were used for data treatment. Good linearity was obtained for the concentration ranges evaluated with r values between 0.9852 and 0.9993. All parameters of method validation (intra- and inter-day precision and matrix effect) were over 80% with coefficient of variation (CV) up to 17%. Recovery was between (92.0 ± 8.5)% and (113 ± 16)%. Finally, green assessment was evaluated using Analytical Eco-Scale and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI). The UASE-PMLS is characterized by many advantages, e.g., the extraction process is fast and easy coupled to GC–MS. Regarding other extraction techniques, the amount of used solvent is minimum, and no waste is generated. Therefore, it is an environmentally friendly technique.

This study systematically evaluated the efficiency of rose bengal and methylene blue as photosensitizers against the immature aquatic stages of Anopheles pharoensis . Genetic identification using the COI partial sequence confirmed the species, and the obtained sequence was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. PQ346929). Both photosensitizers exhibited 100% mortality in larvae I within 24 h at their highest concentrations, demonstrating strong biocidal activity. LC 50 values for rose bengal increased from 1.50 ppm (24 h) and 1.34 ppm (48 h) in larvae I to 3.83 ppm (24 h) and 3.12 ppm (48 h) in pupae. Similarly, methylene blue showed LC 50 values rising from 1.14 ppm (24 h) and 0.90 ppm (48 h) in larvae I to 2.91 ppm (24 h) and 2.51 ppm (48 h) in pupae, indicating stage-dependent susceptibility. Enzymatic responses revealed a progressive increase in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the developmental stage, suggesting a physiological adaptation to the photosensitizers. Molecular docking against the AChE protein (PDB ID: 6xyu) confirmed insecticidal bioactivity, with methylene blue exhibiting superior binding affinity, aligning with the in-vitro larvicidal results. Furthermore, a Complex GAPI assessment confirmed the environmental sustainability of both photosensitizers, supporting their potential as eco-friendly alternatives for mosquito control. The use of Complex GAPI in assessing the environmental sustainability of photosensitizers in mosquito control represents a novel approach in the field of integrated pest management. This advancement not only aligns with the principles of green chemistry but also addresses the growing need for sustainable alternatives to traditional chemical insecticides. These findings highlight the feasibility of utilizing light-activated photosensitizers for sustainable vector management.

Green, economic and sensitive two spectrofluorometric methods were developed for the quantitation of flibanserin (FB) in different matrices, which are based on FB native fluorescence properties. The first technique depends on measuring the relative fluorescence intensity of FB directly at emission and excitation wavelengths(λem/λex) (371 nm/247 nm), while the second technique is a first derivative (D1) spectrofluorometric method, which depends on measuring the peak amplitudes at 351 nm. Linear regressions were observed in the range of 0.1–1.5 μg/mL for both methods. Moreover, both methods were efficiently extended to analyze FB in human urine, indicating the ultra-sensitivity of the methods, and linear regression was found within a range 0.05–0.7 μg/mL for both methods. Excellent selectivity of the proposed methods and good recoveries were obtained upon the analysis of FB in pharmaceutical dosage form and human urine samples without interference from matrix components with acceptable ranges, from 98.86 to 101.46% and from 98.08 to 102.37%, respectively. Greenness of the developed methods was assessed using the national environmental method index (NEMI) and Analytical Eco-scale and Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI). The three approaches confirmed that the developed methods are green, safe and environment-friendly.

Tavaborole (TVB), a benzoboroxole derivative, was approved for treating onychomycosis. Boron’s unique properties, such as variable oxidation states, and stability, require specialized analytical methods. The current RP-HPLC method was developed using eco-friendly solvents, maintaining pH, and providing a sharp peak at 5.7 min at 272 nm. A new NP-HPTLC technique was established employing a mobile phase composed of toluene and methanol, yielding an R f value of 0.58 with a similar correlation coefficient of 0.9989 for both methods. The accuracy of TVB for both methods was evaluated at levels of 80 to 120%, providing the %RSD in the range of 0.42 to 0.86% (for HPLC) and 0.95 to 1.50% (for HPTLC). The reproducibility for the two methods was performed in triplicate (30–50 µg/ml) for HPLC and (4000 to 6000 ng/band) for HPTLC, and %RSD was evaluated. Replicates at 20 μg/ml for HPLC and 5000 ng/band for HPLTC show the %RSD of 1.42 and 0.65, respectively. Robustness parameters were evaluated by altering pH, wavelength, and flow rate for HPLC and mobile phase composition, plate saturation time, and development distance for HPTLC. The robustness was evaluated by altering the analyst to calculate a %RSD of 0.88 and 0.31 for HPLC and 0.12 and 0.22 for HPTLC. From the results, all the validation parameters are found within acceptable ranges. TVB showed stability in acidic and basic conditions, with degradation observed only under peroxide treatment. An attempt will be made to identify the probable and major degradants of TVB using LC–MS spectra, which was crucial considering the boron’s chemical properties. The RP-HPLC method was confirmed as environmentally sustainable using the AGREE program metrics. In contrast, the NP-HPTLC method met validation standards but was not considered eco-friendly due to solvent choice. Both methods are suitable for commercial applications. Graphical abstract

A UV-chemometric approach has been developed to analyze a ternary combination of aspirin, caffeine, and orphenadrine citrate without the need for previous separation. The method is easy, specific, accurate, and highly precise. The three medications were evaluated simultaneously utilizing CLS, PLS, and PCR, which were generated based on separate data sets that yielded superior findings. Regrettably, their accurate estimation could only be achieved using the PLS approach. In order to determine the prediction power of each chemometric approach, its validity has been tested using 8 synthetic mixes. The latent variable number varies across various models as the dataset changes. The comparison of various methodologies and the assessment of the predictive capacity of each set of data were done using the predicted residual error sum of squares (PRESS) and the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP). The created approach was also used to statistically compare the performance of PLS in a dataset with zero absorption, as well as to compare the performance of the offered chemometric methods in various datasets. The environmental impact of the created approach was assessed to determine the overall ecological sustainability of the designed methodology. According to the new Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) evaluation methodology, the suggested technique was also found to be practicable.

Rifaximin (RFX) is a non-absorbable antibiotic with broad-spectrum efficacy. It treats travelers’ diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome, non-systematic bacterial diarrhea, bowel infections, overgrowth syndrome, and enteric infections. In this work, carbon dots prepared from Ziziphus spina-christi leaves’ powders are utilized as a green fluorometric biosensor for the assessment of RFX. The morphological lineaments of the prepared carbon dots were recognized by using TEM and SEM techniques. The prepared carbon dots manifest a fluorescence emission peak at 432 nm after an excitation fluorescence peak at 366 nm. The absorbance band of RFX (absorbance peaks at 370 nm and 443 nm) could be thoroughly overlapped with fluorescence excitation/emission bands of the produced carbon dots. A fluorometric tool has been designed and validated for the evaluation of RFX reliant on the inner filter effect methodology, in which the produced carbon dots act as an inner filter effect fluorophore and RFX as an inner filter effect absorber. The quenching degree in the fluorescence activity of the prepared carbon dots depended on the concentration of RFX. The analytical parameters were checked and directed for successfully applied assessment of RFX concentration in different pharmaceutical formulations. The proposed tool’s greenness and eco-friendliness profile was evaluated using the most recent greenness assessment tool, which is the complementary green analytical procedure index (Complex-GAPI) and the Analytical GREEnness metric (AGREE). Additionally, using the recently released White Analytical Chemistry (WAC) tool, the whiteness characteristic—which indicated the method’s sustainability—was investigated.