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The safety of the gas transmission infrastructure is one of the main concerns for infrastructure operating companies. Common gas pipelines’ tightness control is tedious and time-consuming. The development of new methods is highly desirable. This paper focuses on the applications of air-borne methods for inspections of the natural gas pipelines. The main goal of this study is to test an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), equipped with a remote sensing methane detector, for natural gas leak detection from the pipeline network. Many studies of the use of the UAV with laser detectors have been presented in the literature. These studies include experiments mainly on the artificial methane sources simulating gas leaks. This study concerns the experiments on a real leakage of natural gas from a pipeline. The vehicle at first monitored the artificial source of methane to determine conditions for further experiments. Then the experiments on the selected section of the natural gas pipelines were conducted. The measurement data, along with spatial coordinates, were collected and analyzed using machine learning methods. The analysis enabled the identification of groups of spatially correlated regions which have increased methane concentrations. Investigations on the flight altitude influence on the accuracy of measurements were also carried out. A range of between 4 m and 15 m was depicted as optimal for data collection in the natural gas pipeline inspections. However, the results from the field experiments showed that areas with increased methane concentrations are significantly more difficult to identify, though they are still noticeable. The experiments also indicate that the lower altitudes of the UAV flights should be chosen. The results showed that UAV monitoring can be used as a tool for the preliminary selection of potentially untight gas pipeline sections.

Handbook of Natural Gas Transmission and Processing gives engineers and managers complete coverage of natural gas transmission and processing in the most rapidly growing sector to the petroleum industry.The authors provide a unique discussion of new technologies that are energy efficient and environmentally appealing at the same time.

A pipeline network is an important transportation mode of natural gas, and different external factors will affect the development of natural gas scheduling plans to different degrees. However, the specific correlation between each external environmental factor and pipeline network scheduling decision is not clear at this stage. This paper developed a hybrid method with Pearson’s correlation coefficient and Spearman’s correlation coefficient to study the correlations between climate temperature, total gas supply, economic conditions, other energy consumption and natural gas pipeline scheduling plans. The results showed that the correlation between natural gas pipeline output and climate temperature is good, presenting a significance level of 5% and below; in contrast, the correlations with economic conditions and other factors are less significant but still reach a significance level of 10%. Meanwhile, taking energy consumption as the object of study, it was found that the correlation between natural gas consumption and electric energy, crude oil and crude coal is good, showing a significance level of 5% and below. Among them, there is a significant positive correlation between natural gas consumption and electric energy consumption, and between natural gas consumption and crude oil consumption, which reveals the synergistic effects within the energy system.

A safety assessment was conducted on a natural gas pipeline tee section containing a bulge defect. Geometric data of the bulge were sampled to establish a finite element model of the defective pipe section for stress analysis, which was compared to a defect-free model. The load-bearing capacity of the defective section was predicted using conventional design and analytical design methods, respectively. The results showed that under the design pressure, the maximum stress in the defective section was 71% of the allowable stress, indicating a safe stress level. The bulge did not increase local stresses, suggesting a limited impact on the load-bearing capacity. The defective section could withstand pressures exceeding the design pressure, with the analytical design method yielding a significantly higher predicted value.

Based on the Jilin Songyuan gas pipeline accident, FLACS software was used to numerically simulate its leakage and explosion process in order to study the change law of the equivalent gas cloud volume of gas leakage diffusion under various influencing factors. The simulation results were compared and analyzed with the accident investigation report in order to ensure the accuracy of the simulation results. On this premise, the three primary influencing factors—the obstacle distribution technique, the ambient wind speed magnitude, and the ambient temperature—are varied in order to study the equivalent gas cloud volume variation features of the leaking gas cloud. The findings indicate a positive association between the maximum equivalent gas cloud volume of the leaking gas cloud and the density of the obstacle distribution. There is a positive correlation between ambient wind speed and the equivalent gas cloud volume when the ambient wind speed is less than 5.0 m/s, and a negative correlation between ambient wind speed and the equivalent gas cloud volume when the ambient wind speed is greater than or equal to 5.0 m/s. A drop in Q8 is proportionately increased by around 5% for every 10 °C increase in ambient temperature when the temperature is below room temperature. There is a positive association between ambient temperature and the equivalent gas cloud volume Q8. When the temperature is higher than room temperature, the drop in Q8 is correspondingly increased by about 3% for every 10 °C increase in ambient temperature.

Monitoring pipeline infrastructure is essential for ensuring safety, efficiency, and environmental sustainability in energy transportation. External disturbances, such as knocking and drilling, are common challenges that can impact pipeline integrity. The proposed approach develops a multimodal framework for detecting and localizing external disturbances in oil and gas pipelines by integrating statistical methods, signal processing, and advanced diagnostics. The experimental study was conducted on pipelines under three conditions: healthy, knocking, and drilling to assess the capability of the framework to detect and localize external disturbances. The proposed approach effectively classified pipeline conditions. External disturbance localization was precise for knocking disturbances due to their distinct high-frequency characteristics. However, drilling localization was challenging with the current experimental setup. Drilling generated low-frequency vibrations with longer wavelengths, reducing energy loss and broader time responses across closely spaced nodes in the 2-meter pipe setup. This behavior provides insight into the spatial arrangement of the optimal node spacing for effective localization of low-frequency disturbances in long-range pipeline systems.

This paper presents a thorough initial evaluation of hydrogen gaseous storage and pipeline infrastructure, emphasizing health and safety protocols as well as capacity considerations pertinent to industrial applications. As hydrogen increasingly establishes itself as a vital energy vector within the transition towards low-carbon energy systems, the formulation of effective storage and transportation solutions becomes imperative. The investigation delves into the applications and technologies associated with hydrogen storage, specifically concentrating on compressed hydrogen gas storage, elucidating the principles underlying hydrogen compression and the diverse categories of hydrogen storage tanks, including pressure vessels specifically designed for gaseous hydrogen containment. Critical factors concerning hydrogen gas pipelines are scrutinized, accompanied by a review of appropriate compression apparatus, types of compressors, and particular pipeline specifications necessary for the transport of both hydrogen and oxygen generated by electrolysers. The significance of health and safety in hydrogen systems is underscored due to the flammable nature and high diffusivity of hydrogen. This paper defines the recommended health and safety protocols for hydrogen storage and pipeline operations, alongside exemplary practices for the effective implementation of these protocols across various storage and pipeline configurations. Moreover, it investigates the function of oxygen transport pipelines and the applications of oxygen produced from electrolysers, considering the interconnected safety standards governing hydrogen and oxygen infrastructure. The conclusions drawn from this study facilitate the advancement of secure and efficient hydrogen storage and pipeline systems, thereby furthering the overarching aim of scalable hydrogen energy deployment within both energy and industrial sectors.

The hazard coefficient for leakage diffusion of gas transmission pipeline is extremely high, which can easily lead to explosive accidents. The amount of gas leakage is an important factor in the safety assessment of pipeline leakage. Therefore, this paper considers the influence of gas interactions inside and outside the pipeline on pipeline leakage and establishes a three-dimensional leakage diffusion model that is coupled with the pipeline and air domain. Through the use of theoretical, experimental, and numerical simulation methods, this paper investigates the effects of leak hole diameter, leak hole shape, and changes in transport pressure on pipeline leakage. Finally, based on simulated leakage data, we analyze the sources of error and propose a high-precision formula for calculating leakage from small holes in pipelines. The results show that an increase in the diameter of the leak hole leads to a decrease in the central velocity of the leak hole and a sharp increase in leakage volume. The leakage volume of different leak hole shapes is ranked in the following order: rectangle > diamond > circle. When the leak holes are rectangle and diamond, the leakage velocity distribution range of the leak hole is larger and more regular than that of the circular leak hole. Also, the volume of gas leakage increases with the increase in delivery pressure, while the central velocity of the leak hole remains relatively unchanged. Based on the proposed pipeline leakage correction formula, it is calculated that under the same working condition, the relative error range between the numerical simulated leakage rate and the theoretically corrected leakage rate is significantly reduced from −8.40%~18.03% to −1.58%~2.60%, and the calculation accuracy is significantly improved.

In order to realize the automatic welding of oil and gas pipelines, a kind of rail-type welding robot was designed, which includes a mechanical structure that can walk around the circumference of the pipeline steadily and a control system with the function of welding seam tracking. According to the characteristics of field construction, the robot adopted a modular design method, which primarily consists of a walking mechanism, quick clamping mechanism, welding torch adjusting mechanism, welding torch, wire feeder mechanism, guide rail, and the composition of the control system was introduced besides. The weld center identification and weld tracking were both automatically accomplished by the laser vision tracking system. Through the welding test, it has been demonstrated that the rail-type welding robot can meet the requirements of automatic welding of pipelines.

Synthetic Natural Gas (SNG) produced using Green Hydrogen, and carbon dioxide not only helps to reduce the harmful greenhouse gas emission but also can help Nepal to reduce its dependency on imports for fuel used in the industrial sector. For Nepal to utilize its full potential in Green Hydrogen for industries and household cooking, SNG can be an attractive alternative due to its storage, transmission, and controlled combustion advantages. Europe has been a frontier in SNG production, relying on its already-built Natural Gas network for distribution. Unlike Europe, Nepal doesn’t have any previously built gas pipeline network. Large biogas plants distribute the produced gaseous bio-CNG in cylinders. But unlike LPG, which can be liquified through pressurization (836 kPa at 20°C) only, SNG can only be liquified cryogenically (-162°C at 20 kPa), which requires a tremendous amount of energy. This study compares the costs of the distribution of SNG in gaseous form through gas pipelines and cylinders. A case study is performed in the Butwal Industrial Area of Nepal, in which data is gathered from primary and secondary sources to design the gas pipeline network and estimate the costs associated with distributing SNG using both pipelines and cylinders. It has been found that the capital cost (CAPEX) and the annual operating cost (OPEX) are significantly lower for pipeline distribution compared to the distribution using cylinders. The Net Present Value (NPV) of total costs for pipeline distribution was found to be NPR 12,002,821 compared to NPV of NPR 35,417,390 for cylinder distribution. Hence, distributing produced SNG using pipelines is more cost-effective than distributing using cylinders inside the industrial area of Nepal.