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"GAS RESOURCES"
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Evaluation and re-understanding of the global natural gas hydrate resources
Natural gas hydrate (NGH) has been widely considered as an alternative to conventional oil and gas resources in the future energy resource supply since Trofimuk’s first resource assessment in 1973. At least 29 global estimates have been published from various studies so far, among which 24 estimates are greater than the total conventional gas resources. If drawn in chronological order, the 29 historical resource estimates show a clear downward trend, reflecting the changes in our perception with respect to its resource potential with increasing our knowledge on the NGH with time. A time series of the 29 estimates was used to establish a statistical model for predict the future trend. The model produces an expected resource value of 41.46 × 10
12
m
3
at the year of 2050. The statistical trend projected future gas hydrate resource is only about 10% of total natural gas resource in conventional reservoir, consistent with estimates of global technically recoverable resources (TRR) in gas hydrate from Monte Carlo technique based on volumetric and material balance approaches. Considering the technical challenges and high cost in commercial production and the lack of competitive advantages compared with rapid growing unconventional and renewable resources, only those on the very top of the gas hydrate resource pyramid will be added to future energy supply. It is unlikely that the NGH will be the major energy source in the future.
Journal Article
Formulas and calculations for drilling operations
\"Presented in an easy-to-use format, this second edition of Formulas and Calculations for Drilling Operations is a quick reference for day-to-day work out on the rig; It also serves as a handy study guide for drilling and well control certification courses; Virtually all the mathematics required on a drilling rig is here in one convenient source, including formulas for pressure gradient, specific gravity, pump, output, annular velocity, buoyancy factor, and many other topics; Whether open on your desk, on the hood of your truck at the well, or on an offshore platform, this is the only book available that covers the gamut of the formulas and calculations for petroleum engineers that have been compiled over decades; Some of these formulas and calculations have been used for decades, while others are meant to help guide the engineer through some of the more recent breakthroughs in the industry's technology, such as hydraulic fracturing and enhanced oil recovery. There is no other source for these useful formulas and calculations that is this thorough; An instant classic when the first edition was published, the much-improved revision is even better, offering new information not available in the first edition, making it as up-to-date as possible in book form; Truly a state-of-the-art masterpiece for the oil and gas industry, if there is only one book you buy to help you do your job, this is it!\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Comparative Study between Foreign and Chinese in Oil and Gas Resources Tax
In order to adapt to different periods of economic development, Oil and gas resources taxes have been adjusted. There is a certain gap between the major foreign oil producers and Chinese oil and gas resources tax, including several aspects, for instance, the tax system, tax methods, tax rates, tax collection and management, tax incentives and so on. To this end, scholars have put forward a series of reform proposals, such as merging oil and gas resources taxes, raising taxes, expanding the differential gain, reforming imposed link etc.
Journal Article
Multi-spherical interactions and mechanisms of hydrocarbon enrichment in the Southeast Asian archipelagic tectonic system
Global cooling began since 50 Ma, but a warm climate was maintained in the archipelagic tectonic system in Southeast Asia where a wealth of Cenozoic oil and gas resources was formed and preserved. From the perspective of Earth system, this study analyzes Cenozoic tectonic activities, climatic and environmental evolution, and petroleum enrichment in Southeast Asia, and provides the following insights: (1) Subduction of oceanic plates and the extension of overlying continental lithosphere resulted in widespread volcanic eruptions as well as the formation of rift basins and shallow marine shelves, leading to complex interactions between deep tectonic processes and Earth’s surface including mountains, basins, and seas. (2) Microcontinental accretion and prolonged stay in equatorial low-latitude regions have changed trade winds into monsoons, altered ocean current pathways and flow rates, and profoundly affected rainfall and climate. (3) The archipelagic tectonic system, coupled with a hot and rainy climate, fostered tropical rainforests, mangroves, and phytoplankton, providing abundant organic matter and promoting the development of petroleum resources. (4) Combinations of rift basin development and marine transgression and regression led to an effective superposition of source-reservoir-seal combinations from multiplepetroleum systems. Rapid deep burial of organic matter and high geothermal gradients facilitated the generation and large-scale accumulation of oil and gas. (5) Multi-spherical (such as atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere) interactions on the Earth, which resulted from the convergence of multiple tectonic plates, are believed as the primary driver for exceptional enrichments of Cenozoic oil and gas resources in Southeast Asia. These understandings are significant for developing theories of oil and gas enrichment under the guidance of Earth System Science. In order to continue making significant oil and gas exploration discoveries in the deep-layers, deep-waters, and unconventional oil and gas fields of Southeast Asia, attention should be paid to the oil and gas resource effects of the collision between Australia and Sunda blocks and the high-temperature and high-rainfall climate environment, and efforts should be made to develop economic development and CO
2
sequestration technologies for offshore CO
2
-rich gas fields.
Journal Article
The “resource curse” from the oil and natural gas sector: how can Tanzania avoid it in reality?
The discovery of a lot of natural resources such as petroleum, natural gas, and minerals has become the source of poverty, deprivation, and inequality in some countries. The failure to properly use those resources has been associated with the “resource curse” or “paradox of plenty” concept. This happens when the resource-rich countries fail to benefit fully from their natural resources’ wealth, something that leads to the failure of the governments of the relevant countries to respond effectively and efficiently to public welfare requirements. In recent years, Tanzania has discovered a lot of oil and gas resources which are expected to contribute more to the sustainable development of the country. However, the question here is whether Tanzania will not face the challenge of resource curse as it has been observed in other developing countries that are rich in natural resources. Thus, this paper is intended to analyze the relationship between the resource curse, natural resources, and economy. It examines the resource curse in some contracting countries such as Zambia, Nigeria, and Gabon. It furthermore pinpoints on how Tanzania can avoid the resource curse.
Journal Article
Laboratory Evaluation and Field Application of a Gas-Soluble Plugging Agent: Development of Bottom Water Plugging Fracturing Technology
The currently reported bottom water sealing materials and fracturing technologies can hardly simultaneously achieve the high production and low water cut of gas reservoirs due to the complexity of various formation conditions. Therefore, without controlling the fracturing scale and injection volume, a kind of polylactide polymer water plugging material with a density of 1.15–2.0 g/cm3 is developed, which can be used to seal the bottom water of a gas–water differential layer by contact solidification with water and automatic degradation with natural gas. This technology can not only fully release the production capacity of the gas reservoir but also effectively control water production and realize the efficient fracturing development of the target gas reservoir. Laboratory test results show that the smart plugging agent has a bottom water plugging rate of 100%, and the low-density plugging agent has a dissolution rate of 96.7% in methane gas at 90 °C for 4 h and a dissolution rate of 97.6% in methane gas at 60 °C for 6 h, showing remarkable gas degradation performance. In addition, settlement experiments show that the presence of a proppant can increase the settlement rate of a plugging agent up to many times (up to 21 times) in both water and guanidine gum solution. According to the actual conditions of well J66-8-3, a single-well water plugging fracturing scheme was prepared by optimizing the length of fracture, plugging agent dosage, and plugging agent sinking time, and a post-evaluation method was proposed. It has guiding significance to the development of similar gas reservoirs.
Journal Article