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This randomized trial tested a strategy originally developed for school settings, the Pax Good Behavior Game (PAX GBG), in the new context of afterschool programs. We examined this approach in afterschool since 70% of all juvenile crime occurs between the hours of 3–6 pm, making afterschool an important setting for prevention and promotion. Dual-career and working families need monitoring and supervision for their children in quality settings that are safe and appropriately structured. While substantial work has identified important features of afterschool programs, increasing attention is being given to how to foster quality. PAX GBG, with its focus on shared norms, cooperative teams, contingent activity rewards, and liberal praise, could potentially enhance not only appropriate structure and supportive relationships, but also youth self-regulation, co-regulation, and socio-emotional development. This study examined the PAX GBG among 76 afterschool programs, serving 811 youth ages 5–12, who were diverse in race-ethnicity, socio-economic status, and geographic locale. Demographically matched pairs of afterschool programs were randomized to PAX GBG or treatment-as-usual. Independent observers conducted ratings of implementation fidelity and program quality across time; along with surveys of children’s problem and prosocial behavior. Interaction effects were found using hierarchical linear models such that experimental programs evidencing higher implementation fidelity demonstrated better program quality than controls, (i.e., less harshness, increased appropriate structure, support, and engagement), as well as reduced child-reported hyperactivity and intent-to-treat effects on prosocial behavior. This study demonstrates that best practices fostered by PAX GBG and implemented with fidelity in afterschool result in higher quality contexts for positive youth development.

The advantages of neoadjuvant chemotherapy are the ability to 1) increase the rate of breast conservation and improve operability, 2) to reduce mortality by recognizing resistance mechanisms early, and 3) to investigate the activity of new agents by assessing the pathological complete response rate as a surrogate marker for clinical efficacy. The German Breast Group (GBG) is a cooperative study group which focuses on neoadjuvant therapy for breast cancer. This group cooperates closely with the German Gynecological Oncology Working Group—Breast (AGO-B). Additionally, these two German study groups maintain close ties with other national and international study groups, such as the Breast International Group (BIG), Austrian Breast and Colorectal Cancer Study Group (ABCSG), Central European Cooperative Oncology Group (CECOG), International Cooperative Cancer Group (ICCG) and National Surgical Adjuvant Breast Project (NSABP). A series of clinical trials evaluating the role of neoadjuvant therapy in women with primary breast cancer have been designed, performed and published over the last 10 years. This article summarizes the results of the neoadjuvant trials that have been conducted by the German study groups, outlines ongoing clinical research projects, and discusses concepts for future clinical trials.

The Atlas of Birds captures the breathtaking diversity of birds, and illuminates their conservation status around the world. Full-color maps show where birds are found, both by country and terrain, and reveal how an astounding variety of behavioral adaptations--from flight and feeding to nest building and song--have enabled them to thrive in virtually every habitat on Earth. Maps of individual journeys and global flyways chart the amazing phenomenon of bird migration, while bird classification is explained using maps for each order and many key families.

Both Norman Geschwind and Sandra Witelson proposed theories that connect fetal levels of the male hormone, testosterone, to the development of handedness. However, the two theories make opposite predictions. The Geschwind model states that high levels of fetal testosterone increase the propensity to develop left-handedness while the Witelson theory argues that low levels of fetal testosterone are associated with left-handedness. There are reliable sex differences in the occurrence of left-handedness with males being more likely to be left-handed than females. Also, both male and female homosexuals are more likely to be non-right-handed (a category that includes both mixed- and left-handers) than their heterosexual counterparts. These findings are consistent with a hormonal component in handedness development. However, there is little empirical evidence to support a direct connection between fetal testosterone levels and left-handedness. This is particularly true for predictions based on the Geschwind model. The Geschwind theory can account for the higher rates of left-handedness in males but it cannot account for the high rates of non-right-handedness in male homosexuals who have a tendency to have low testosterone levels. Also, predictions from the model proposing that more left-handers are born during certain months of the year because of seasonal fluctuations in sex hormone levels are not supported by most of the existing data.