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Attenuated insulin-sensitivity (IS) is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is closely linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In recent years, many surrogate markers of IS have emerged to predict NAFLD. A natural log transformation of the glucose disposal rate (loge GDR) has been proposed as a new model for IS in patients with T2D. Our aim is to explore the correlation between loge GDR and NAFLD in normoalbuminuric patients with T2D.AimAttenuated insulin-sensitivity (IS) is a characteristic of type 2 diabetes (T2D) and is closely linked to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In recent years, many surrogate markers of IS have emerged to predict NAFLD. A natural log transformation of the glucose disposal rate (loge GDR) has been proposed as a new model for IS in patients with T2D. Our aim is to explore the correlation between loge GDR and NAFLD in normoalbuminuric patients with T2D.A total of 1227 normoalbuminuric patients with T2D were involved in our study. NAFLD was evaluated by ultrasound. Biochemical and clinical data were collected, including parameters essential for calculating the loge GDR (triglycerides, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, γ-glutamyl transferase and body mass index), as well as other relevant covariates required for adjustment. The relationship between the loge GDR and NAFLD was analyzed.MethodsA total of 1227 normoalbuminuric patients with T2D were involved in our study. NAFLD was evaluated by ultrasound. Biochemical and clinical data were collected, including parameters essential for calculating the loge GDR (triglycerides, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, γ-glutamyl transferase and body mass index), as well as other relevant covariates required for adjustment. The relationship between the loge GDR and NAFLD was analyzed.NAFLD patients showed lower loge GDR values than non-NAFLD (P < 0.001). As the loge GDR tertiles increased, the prevalence of NAFLD was decreased (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis displayed that loge GDR was independently corrected with NAFLD (OR: 0.084; 95% CI: 0.040-0.177). Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that loge GDR (area under the curves: 0.797) was superior to other evaluation variables.ResultsNAFLD patients showed lower loge GDR values than non-NAFLD (P < 0.001). As the loge GDR tertiles increased, the prevalence of NAFLD was decreased (P < 0.001). Multivariate analysis displayed that loge GDR was independently corrected with NAFLD (OR: 0.084; 95% CI: 0.040-0.177). Furthermore, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that loge GDR (area under the curves: 0.797) was superior to other evaluation variables.The loge GDR was strongly associated with NAFLD and might be a useful predictor in normoalbuminuric patients with T2D.ConclusionThe loge GDR was strongly associated with NAFLD and might be a useful predictor in normoalbuminuric patients with T2D.

This article examines the figure of Thomas Müntzer in Marxist historiography, as well as the “utopianisation” of Müntzer in Ernst Bloch’s 1921 study on Thomas Müntzer as Theologian of the Revolution. I review some of the differences in Martin Luther and Müntzer in their competing views for the future after the break from Rome, and the theological thrust of Müntzer’s vision. This is then connected with elements from Bloch’s Müntzer, chiefly focussing on spirit and history.

Insulin resistance (IR) is closely associated with arterial stiffness (AS) and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Recently, several non-insulin-based IR surrogate markers have been demonstrated to be related to AS. The natural log transformation of the glucose disposal rate (log GDR) is a novel indicator of insulin sensitivity (IS) developed in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). We aim to investigate the relationship between the log GDR and AS in non-obese patients with T2D. A cross-sectional study of 790 non-obese patients with T2D were included. Clinical and biochemical characteristics were collected. AS was assessed by brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity (baPWV), and according to the baPWV levels, patients were divided into two groups: AS group (baPWV ≥ 1800 cm/s) and non-AS group (baPWV < 1800 cm/s). The correlation between AS and log GDR was analyzed. Compared with the non-AS group, the log GDR decreased in the AS group (P < 0.001). With the tertiles of log GDR increased, the bapWV and the prevalence of AS were decreased (both P < 0.001). Univariate analysis showed that the log GDR was negatively correlated with the baPWV and AS (both P < 0.001). Furthermore, multivariate regression analyses demonstrated that the log GDR was independently associated with bapWV (β: -0.162; P < 0.001) and AS (OR: 0.286; 95% CI: 0.110-0.743). Integrating log GDR modestly improved the ability of the model to identify AS (Net reclassification improvement (NRI): 0.043, 95% CI 0.009-0.079, P = 0.011). The log GDR is independently correlated with AS in non-obese patients with T2D, and its utility for risk stratification requires further validation.

Founded in 1990 by seven East German photographers, OSTKREUZ—Agency of Photographers emerged as a survival strategy in post-reunification Germany, drawing on its GDR identity to establish itself in a competitive market. The agency balances commissioned work with independent artistic projects, maintaining a commitment to author photography, humanism and collective solidarity—values rooted in the socialist photographic tradition. However, as commercial pressures mount and founding members leave, OSTKREUZ faces the challenge of preserving its historical ethos while adapting to a globalised industry. This article examines the tension between legacy and commercial adaptation from 1990 to 2017, analysing how the agency has navigated financial instability, the evolution of the media landscape and changes in its membership. While exhibitions serve as a key tool for reinforcing its identity, increasing reliance on alternative revenue streams—such as corporate collaborations—raises questions about the sustainability of its founding principles. The article also examines OSTKREUZ’s links with Magnum, suggesting that embracing a broader humanist photographic ethos—rather than a strictly GDR-rooted identity—may offer a more sustainable way forward.

With internationalist aspirations and wide-ranging historical perspectives, East German films about artists and their work became hotly contested spaces in which filmmakers could look beyond the GDR and debate the impact of contemporary cultural policy on the reception of their pre-war cultural heritage. Spanning newsreels, documentaries, and feature films, Screening Art is the first full-length investigation into a genre that has been largely overlooked in studies of DEFA, the state-owned Eastern German film studio. As it shows, “artist-films” played an essential role in the development of new paradigms of socialist art in postwar Europe.

In this article, I take the example of the historical German television fiction success Weissensee and ask how East Germans have read and judged the way this serial constructed their past more than a decade after its television premiere. This question is raised against the background that Weissensee was produced at a time when all questions related to the German Democratic Republic (GDR) seemed to have been answered. In the meantime, the remembrance discourse has changed. Hall’s encoding/decoding model, Giddens’s identity theory, and Sabrow’s typology of memories of the GDR provided the theoretical framework. Empirically, this study draws on five focus groups of East Germans, and the findings demonstrate that the dominant media memory, the dictatorship discourse, still operates within three reading positions. More recent discourses are visible but have not (yet) expanded the horizon to relocate oneself in the past. This study contributes to the rare research on authenticity from an audience perspective.

Through the lens of cinema, this article focuses on the subject of football as a powerful medium of political expression. It is the first comprehensive analysis of the 1989 DEFA film ... und freitags in die “Grüne Hölle” by Ernst Cantzler and it reads the documentary in close relation to the historic developments during the late years of the GDR. Viewing the football stadium as a symbolic stand-in for East Germany, this article understands Cantzler’s work as a well-crafted montage that–metaphorically–lays out two possible scenarios for the end of German division: a peaceful revolution and a violent uprising.

Jürgen Fuchs (1950-99) fue uno de los escritores nacidos en la RDA, cuyas biografías no solo fueron moldeadas por el régimen del SED, sino también deformadas con eficacia. Asimismo, fue uno de los pocos que trató expresiva y abruptamente los tabúes y mecanismos de un Estado gobernado de manera totalitaria. La obra literaria de Fuchs es un testimonio de época, un desafío al régimen comunista y a su legado contenido en los archivos de la Stasi. Por un lado, su escritura, saturada de experiencia y teñida de autobiografía, lleva al lector a un impactante viaje a los tiempos de la segunda dictadura alemana y le permite echar un vistazo, entre bastidores, a la sociedad (post)socialista; por otro lado, se nos revela que Jürgen Fuchs, en su calidad de intelectual, se sintió obligado a intervenir allí donde había que prevenir la violencia, la mentira y el olvido. Este artículo examina el desarrollo literario de este autor, independiente en muchos aspectos, y examina las razones que le motivaron a romper el silencio y tender la mano hacia la verdad y la justicia e incluso, de ser necesario, a provocar un debate abierto.

PurposeThe article aims to give an overview of the history and the achieved status of information science in the German Democratic Republic (GDR) with an emphasis on the organisation of information science and practice in the GDR and on the theoretical foundations of information science.Design/methodology/approachPrimarily, this article is based upon critical literature studies, especially German-language books and journal articles, but the empirical basis also includes some unpublished sources (e.g. letters from information scientists from the GDR).FindingsThere are interesting results concerning the roots of information science in cybernetics, philosophy and the practical area of documentation. The naming of this knowledge field as “informatics”, “informatics of science” or “information and documentation science” is partly very distinct from Western conceptions. We found different theoretical foundations for information science including the approaches of Bonitz, Engelbert, Koblitz and Groß and Fuchs-Kittowski. In the GDR, information science and information practice were centralised, but through the information system science and technology, they were consistently accessible at all levels of professional work. With German reunification, information practice and its institutions, as well as GDR’s information science efforts, disappeared.Research limitations/implicationsThe article gives hints on the importance on and the survival of some GDR approaches in contemporary information science, but those developments should be analysed in much more detail.Originality/valueThis is the first overview article on the state and entire development of information science in the GDR.

The East German Ministry for State Security stood for Stalinist oppression and all-encompassing surveillance. The \"shield and sword of the party,\" it secured the rule of the Communist Party for more than forty years, and by the 1980s it had become the largest secret-police apparatus in the world, per capita. Jens Gieseke tells the story of the Stasi, a feared secret-police force and a highly professional intelligence service. He inquires into the mechanisms of dictatorship and the day-to-day effects of surveillance and suspicion. Masterful and thorough at once, he takes the reader through this dark chapter of German postwar history, supplying key information on perpetrators, informers, and victims. In an assessment of post-communist memory politics, he critically discusses the consequences of opening the files and the outcomes of the Stasi debate in reunified Germany. A major guide for research on communist secret-police forces, this book is considered the standard reference work on the Stasi and has already been translated into a number of Eastern European languages.