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"GENDER ISSUES"
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Introducing Teddy : a gentle story about gender and friendship
Errol's best friend and teddy, Thomas, is sad because he wishes he were a girl, not a boy teddy, but what only matters to both of them is that they are friends.
BOOK
Gender- and Sex-Based Contributors to Sex Differences in PTSD
Purpose of Review
Sex differences in PTSD are well-established with a 2:1 sex ratio favouring women. Less well-established is the basis of such differences. The purpose of this review is to explore recent research examining potential gender- and sex-based contributors to sex differences in PTSD.
Recent Findings
We identified 19 studies published since 2015. Masculinity is inconclusively associated with PTSD, but masculine ideals and masculine gender role stress are positively associated with PTSD. Among the sex-related factors, testosterone, oestradiol, progesterone, and ALLO/5α-progesterone ratio are believed to be involved in the development of PTSD. These factors likely affect PTSD risk directly and through epigenetic mechanisms.
Summary
Findings suggest that gender and sex have multiple ways of affecting PTSD, including gender roles, genetic predisposition, and hormonal influences. These factors work together to put women at a particular risk of developing PTSD. By conducting more research, we may improve prediction, prevention, and treatment of PTSD.
Journal Article
Reframing reproduction : conceiving gendered experiences
\"How do rapid social and technological changes shape reproductive realms today? What is at stake? What problems are raised? What solutions are offered? In this collection, leading international scholars consider the complex 'choices', anxieties, and challenges of reproduction in postmodernity for both women and men in a range of cultural positions and geographical locations in the West. Focusing on topical issues such as surrogacy, online sperm banking, gamete donation, contraception, and breastfeeding, Reframing Reproduction proposes a new framework for conceptualising the relationship between gender and reproduction in the twenty-first century. Each of the 14 chapters uniquely explores the social aspects of how women and men feel, think, and act in relation to their reproductive 'choices'. Providing accessible and thought-provoking discussions, this book will appeal to those interested in contemporary reproductive practices, technologies, and experiences\"-- Provided by publisher.
Book
Suicide and Maternal Mortality
Purpose of Review
Suicide is a leading cause of death in the perinatal period (pregnancy and 1 year postpartum). We review recent findings on prevalence, risk factors, outcomes, and prevention and intervention for suicide during pregnancy and the first year postpartum.
Recent Findings
Standardization of definitions and ascertainment of maternal deaths have improved identification of perinatal deaths by suicide and risk factors for perinatal suicide. Reports of a protective effect of pregnancy and postpartum on suicide risk may be inflated. Clinicians must be vigilant for risk of suicide among their perinatal patients, especially those with mental health diagnoses or prior suicide attempts.
Summary
Pregnancy and the year postpartum are a time of increased access to healthcare for many, offering many opportunities to identify and intervene for suicide risk. Universal screening for suicide as part of assessment of depression and anxiety along with improved access to mental health treatments can reduce risk of perinatal suicide.
Journal Article
Gender-Affirming Hormone Use in Transgender Individuals: Impact on Behavioral Health and Cognition
Purpose of Review
With increasing numbers of transgender and gender non-binary individuals presenting for care, knowing how to elucidate the mental health and cognitive outcomes of gender-affirming hormone therapy (GAHT) is necessary. This article reviews the present literature covering GAHT effects on mood, behavioral health, and cognition in these individuals and offers research priorities to address knowledge gaps.
Recent Findings
Although there are some conflicting data, GAHT overwhelmingly seems to have positive psychological effects in both adolescents and adults. Research tends to support that GAHT reduces symptoms of anxiety and depression, lowers perceived and social distress, and improves quality of life and self-esteem in both male-to-female and female-to-male transgender individuals.
Summary
Clinically, prescribing GAHT can help with gender dysphoria-related mental distress. Thus, timely hormonal intervention represents a crucial tool for improving behavioral wellness in transgender individuals, though effects on cognitive processes fundamental for daily living are unknown. Future research should prioritize better understanding of how GAHT may affect executive functioning.
Journal Article
Eating Disorder Diagnoses and Symptom Presentation in Transgender Youth: a Scoping Review
Purpose of Review
This scoping review includes recent literature on eating disorder diagnoses and evaluation of eating disorder symptom presentation among transgender youth (ages 8–25).
Recent Findings
A total of 20 publications from the previous 5 years were identified, including case reports, retrospective chart reviews, and surveys. Significantly higher rates of eating disorder symptoms were documented in transgender youth compared to cisgender youth. Similarly, some studies reported transgender youth were more likely to be diagnosed with an eating disorder than cisgender youth, though the proportion of youth with eating disorder diagnoses varied across studies. A consistent theme across case studies was engagement in food restriction and/or compensatory eating behaviors to prevent puberty onset or progression, suggesting that for some transgender youth, these behaviors may be understood as a means of coping with gender-related distress.
Summary
Clinical care could be enhanced through establishment of best practices for screening in settings offering eating disorder treatment and gender-affirming care, as well as greater collaboration among these programs. Research is needed to validate eating disorder measures for use with transgender youth and evaluate the effects of eating disorder treatment and gender-affirming medical interventions on the well-being of transgender youth.
Journal Article
Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder: a Review
Purpose of Review
Neurodevelopmental disorders disproportionately affect males. The mechanisms underlying male vulnerability or female protection are not known and remain understudied. Determining the processes involved is crucial to understanding the etiology and advancing treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we review current findings and theories that contribute to male preponderance of neurodevelopmental disorders, with a focus on autism.
Recent Findings
Recent work on the biological basis of the male preponderance of autism and other neurodevelopmental disorders includes discussion of a higher genetic burden in females and sex-specific gene mutations or epigenetic changes that differentially confer risk to males or protection to females. Other mechanisms discussed are sex chromosome and sex hormone involvement. Specifically, fetal testosterone is involved in many aspects of development and may interact with neurotransmitter, neuropeptide, or immune pathways to contribute to male vulnerability. Finally, the possibilities of female underdiagnosis and a multi-hit hypothesis are discussed.
Summary
This review highlights current theories of male bias in developmental disorders. Topics include environmental, genetic, and epigenetic mechanisms; theories of sex chromosomes, hormones, neuroendocrine, and immune function; underdiagnosis of females; and a multi-hit hypothesis.
Journal Article
Sex Differences in Insomnia: from Epidemiology and Etiology to Intervention
Purpose of Review
Insomnia is approximately 1.5 times more common in women than in men. To date, research has advanced our knowledge about why women report significantly more sleep problems than men despite not being reflected in objective sleep measures. Precisely understanding the symptomatology and pathological mechanisms underlying sex differences is important for prevention and providing appropriate interventions.
Recent Findings
Sex differences found in insomnia goes beyond simple explanations and have been proven to be a complicated interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors that play different roles throughout the life span.
Summary
This paper will review sex differences in insomnia based on risk factors, mechanisms, and consequences, as well as treatment response. In addition, we will also discuss treatment recommendations when working with female populations at different stages in the life span that may be more vulnerable to insomnia. Future studies utilizing prospective, longitudinal designs are needed to understand the interactions of various factors that can explain existing sex differences in insomnia.
Journal Article
Socio-Ecological Context of Sleep: Gender Differences and Couples’ Relationships as Exemplars
Purpose of Review
We summarized recent findings on insufficient sleep and insomnia, two prominent sleep issues that impact public health. We demonstrate the socio-ecologial impact of sleep health with findings on gender and couples’ relationships as exemplars.
Recent Findings
Robust gender differences in sleep duration and insomnia are due to biological and socio-ecological factors. Gender differences in insufficient sleep vary by country of origin and age whereas gender differences in insomnia reflect minoritized identities (e.g., sexual, gender). Co-sleeping with a partner is associated with longer sleep and more awakenings. Gender differences and couples’ sleep were affected by intersecting social and societal influences, which supports a socio-ecological approach to sleep.
Summary
Recent and seminal contributions to sleep health highlight the importance of observing individual sleep outcomes in a socio-ecological context. Novel methodology, such as global measures of sleep health, can inform efforts to improve sleep and, ultimately, public health.
Journal Article
Sex Differences in Vulnerability to Prenatal Stress: a Review of the Recent Literature
Purpose of Review
To evaluate the degree to which recent studies provide evidence that the effects of prenatal maternal stress (PNMS) on child health outcomes vary depending on the child’s biological sex. In this review, we used a broad definition of stress, including negative life events, psychological stress, and established stress biomarkers. We identified 50 peer-reviewed articles (published January 2015–December 2017) meeting the inclusion criteria.
Recent Findings
Most articles (
k
= 35) found evidence of either sex-specific associations (significant in one sex but not the other) or significant PNMS
x
stress interactions for at least one child health outcome. Evidence for sex-dependent effects was strongest in the group of studies evaluating child neural/nervous system development and temperament as outcomes.
Summary
There is sufficient evidence of sex-dependent associations to recommend that researchers always consider the potential role of child sex in PNMS programming studies and report descriptive statistics for study outcomes stratified by child biological sex.
Journal Article