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Sustainable Food Waste-to-Energy Systems assesses the utilization of food waste in sustainable energy conversion systems.It explores all sources of waste generated in the food supply chain (downstream from agriculture), with coverage of industrial, commercial, institutional and residential sources.

With the explosive growth in PV (photovoltaic) installations globally, the sector continues to benefit from important improvements in manufacturing technology and the increasing efficiency of solar cells, this timely handbook brings together all the latest design, layout and construction methods for entire PV plants in a single volume.

The aim of the study is to determine whether and to what extent it is possible to use excess electricity produced by wind power plants during low demand periods for district heat production by heat pumps. Energy system analysis on an hourly basis is conducted at various capacities of wind power plants. The results show that it is possible to increase the share of renewable energy sources, decrease the use of primary energy sources and CO2 emissions per unit of the produced energy, i.e. heat and electricity, by using the surplus electricity produced by wind power in the heat pumps combined with the heat storage. Centralizētās siltumapgādes sistēmām nākotnē būs pieaugoša nozīme atjaunojamo energoresursu īpatsvara palielināšanā valsts energobilancē. Nozīmīgi pieaugot vēja elektrostaciju saražotās elektroenerģijas īpatsvaram elektroapgādes sistēmā, aktuāls kļūs jautājums par pārpalikuma elektroenerģijas izmantošanu zema patēriņa stundās. Tādēļ nepastāvīgas jaudas atjaunojamo energoresursu elektrību ražojošu avotu plašāka izmantošana un integrēšana energoapgādes sistēmās prasīs patērētājus, kuri elastīgi spēj mainīt patēriņu atbilstoši avotu piegādes iespējām. Centralizētās siltumapgādes sistēmas zināmā apmērā spēj būt elastīgs elektroenerģijas patērētājs un veikt nepastāvīgas jaudas atjaunojamo energoresursu tehnoloģiju ražotās elektroenerģijas izmantošanu. Darba mērķis ir izpētīt, kādā apmērā centralizētās siltumapgādes sistēmas spēj izmantot vēja elektrostaciju ražoto elektroenerģijas pārpalikumu zema patēriņa stundās, lietojot siltuma sūkņu un siltuma akumulatoru iekārtas. Izpētes uzdevums ir noteikt, vai un cik lielā mērā ir iespējams palielināt atjaunojamo energoresursu īpatsvaru un samazināt oglekļa dioksīda emisijas elektroenerģijas un centralizētās siltumenerģijas ražošanas procesā, izmantojot vēja ražoto elektroenerģiju siltuma sūkņu iekārtās. Centralizētās siltumapgādes un elektroapgādes sistēma ir pētīta, lietojot energosistēmu analīzes modelis “EnergyPLAN”, kurš ļauj analīzi veikt stundu griezumā, un analizēt dažādu tehnoloģiju kombinācijas. Darba rezultāti parāda, ka vēja elektrostaciju ražotās pārpalikuma elektroenerģijas lietošana siltuma ražošanai siltuma sūkņu iekārtās, kas apvienotas ar siltuma akumulatoriem centralizētās siltumapgādes sistēmās, ļauj samazināt primāro energoresursu patēriņu un CO2 emisijas, un palielināt atjaunojamo energoresursu īpatsvaru, rēķinot uz vienu saražotās enerģijas (siltuma un elektrības) vienību.

Nigerian is currently threatened by the quantity of waste plastics in its major cities. However, waste plastics has been a menace to the Nigerian environs (land and water) majorly and contributed to flood disasters and other environmental degradation events which has ed to severe health risk. In view of this, the study aims to assess the waste plastics in Nigeria for electric power generation. The study devised two strategies (incentive-based approach, and the Extended Producer's Responsibility (EPR)) for the collection of waste plastics from the environment. This study is focused on the incineration of waste plastics with energy recovery; hence the proximate and ultimate analyses were carried out to determine the Higher Heat Value (HHV) and the Lower Heat Value (LHV) as well as to estimate the Power Generation Potential (PGP) The empirical results show that the HHV was evaluated as 568.96 kcal/kg and, the LHV was evaluated as 561.55 kcal/kg. Again, the power generation potential (PGP) was enumerated using 100 tons of waste plastics and 4.83 million tons (81% of inadequately managed plastics) to arrive at about 0.6MW and 29,000MW respectively. This study contributes to the iterature on the problems of waste plastics in Nigeria. Furthermore, it is ikely to be a sustainable solution to the backlog of waste plastics in the environment and a supplementary solution to the erratic electric power supply. The results show that the quantity of waste plastics in Nigeria is ikely to generate enough electricity to complement the existing source of power supply

Analysis in this Article is focused on usage of transmission grid under liberalized market with implicit transmission capacity allocation method, e.g. Nordic market. Attention is paid on fundamental changes in transmission utilization and its economical effective operation. For interconnection and power flow analysis and losses calculation model of Nordic grid was developed and transmission losses calculation method was created. Given approach will improve economical efficiency of system operation in electricity market conditions.

ABSTRACT Distributed energy resources, or distributed generation (DG), are the mainstay of modern power systems aiming towards green energy generation via the effective integration of renewable energy sources. DG involvement in traditional power systems comprises the enhancement of power quality parameters, the utilization of renewable sources, cost optimization, and stable and reliable energy generation. The advantages of such a revolutionary approach can be achieved with the optimal sizing and allocation of DG by means of adequate optimization techniques, constraints, and optimized parameters. In this study, a comprehensive review of DG optimization is presented in light of recent developments, and a comparison is carried out based on the adopted optimization techniques, test system, enhanced parameters, and outcome evaluations.

GHG emissions, eutrophication and energy dependence are problems that the EU has to face in the near future. The BioWALK4Biofuels project aims to find a common response to these challenges, taking advantage of spontaneous biological processes: the growth of algae and anaerobic digestion of biomass. This project is being built thanks to European funding under the 7th Framework Programme. To evaluate the results obtained, a first Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) study was carried out that, as regards the data on infrastructure and on the assembly of the plant, refers to data supplied by manufacturers, while the study of algal growth was made on the basis of a model of cultivation that takes account of the aspects that most affect this key process among all the ones that cooperate in the whole plant. The electricity and heat produced through a co-generator fuelled by biogas produced from algal biomass, according to this study, are responsible for GHG emissions reduced by 52% compared to traditional technologies. The biogas produced during the 4 years of the project allows the substitution of 85 tonnes of oil equivalent (toe). SEG emisijas, eitrofikācijas un enerģētiskā atkarība ir problēmas, ar kurām ES saskarsies tuvākajā nākotnē. Projekta BioWALK4Biofuels galvenais mērķis ir atrast kopīgu risnājumu šīm problēmām, izmantojot bioloģiska procesa priekšrocības - aļģu augšanu un anaerobisku biomasas noārdīšanos. Šis projekts tiek realizēts, pateicoties Eiropas 7. Ietvarprogrammas finansējumam. Lai novērtētu iegūtos rezultātus, tika izstrādāts pirmais dzīves cikla analīzes (DCA) pētījums, kas balstās uz infrastruktūras un rūpnīcas plānu datiem, kas tika iegūti no ražotājiem. Savukārt aļģu augšanas pētījums tika modelēts ar kultivācijas modeļa palīdzību, kas iekļauj dažādu datu un pieņēmumu kopu. Kopā atlasītie faktori izvēlēti, vadoties no būtiskuma principa: parametri, kuri visvairāk ietekmē galveno ražošanas procesu starp visiem procesiem, kas darbojas koģenerācijas stacijā. Elektrība un siltums, kas tiek saražots koģenerācijā, darbinot to ar biogāzi, kas tiek ražota no aļģu biomasas, saskaņā ar pētījumu ir atbildīgs par siltumnīcefekta gāzu (SEG) emisiju samazinājumu par 52% salīdzinājumā ar tradicionālajām tehnoloģijām. Biogāze, kas ir saražota projekta 4 gadu laikā, atļauj aizstāt 85 tonnas naftas ekvivalenta (toe).

Energy system in Serbia, from exploitation of primary energy sources transformations in electric power plants and district heating plants, energy (electric and heat) transmission and distribution to final users, is faced with a number of irrational and in efficient behaviors and processes. Those are consequences of the old technologies in use, old equipment at the end of their life time, bad exploitation of the equipment in use, wrong energy strategy in the past, un suitable energy price policy, as well as delayed refurbishment of the equipment and delayed implementation of the modern technologies. Structure of the industry, developed after the World War II also contributed to a high specific use of energy per unit of production. Paper gives a short review of the present status of energy system in Serbia with special emphasis on the energy efficiency, renewable energy sources use and import energy dependence. Main part of the paper is devoted to the activity of the National Energy Efficiency Program (NEEP), founded by Ministry of Science and Environmental Protection. A program started in 2002 and in the period up to 2005, 140 R&D&D projects and 25 feasibility studies have been financed. The main aim of the NEEP is to combine research and engineering activities in order to research, demonstrate, and implement modern efficient technologies and equipment, engineering and management methods, as a tool for increasing energy efficiency and promotion of renewable energy sources. The intention was also to coordinate all activities, from the choice of the priorities, selection of the best projects proposed, up to the control of the realization of the projects financed. Review of the priorities chosen in the period 2002-2005 is also presented. NEEP engaged the most experienced researchers from scientific institutes and faculties, and engineers from industry, but implementation of the results was not successful. Main reasons can be identified as: industry and agriculture municipal and local authorities presently are not in an economic situation to in vest money in new equipment and modern technologies in order to increase energy efficiency; energy and fuel prices do not stimulate rational and efficient use of energy; favor able environment for rational and efficient behavior of the people and companies was not created by governmental policy.

This paper describes activities and main results of investigation for the Vlasina Wind Project, implemented within National Energy Efficiency Program, segment that deals with alternative and renewable energy sources. The main objective of the project was investigation of possibilities of wind energy generation in mountain areas of the Republic of Serbia. Problems of choice of location, measurement of wind energy potential, choice of type and unit size of wind turbine generators, as well as the interconnection of wind turbine generators and wind power plants to power system are considered.

Die Photovoltaik trägt als wichtiger Baustein im Mix der regenerativen Energien dazu bei, den bereits stattfindenden Klimawandel aufzuhalten und die Erde langfristig mit günstiger Energie zu versorgen. Sie fasziniert mit ihrem Prinzip, lautlos, emissions- und nahezu wartungsfrei aus dem ,,Nichts\" Strom zu produzieren. Als gebäudegebundene Anlage findet sie ihren idealen Einsatzort genau dort, wo der Strom benötigt wird und nutzt die ohnehin vorhandenen Flächen und Leitungen. Das Ausmaß der derzeitigen Photovoltaik-Anwendungen bleibt jedoch weit hinter ihrem Potenzial zurück, obwohl die Hersteller bereits vielfältige Techniken und Produkte anbieten. Als Gründe gelten insbesondere gestalterische, konstruktive und baurechtliche Probleme. Dieser Band der DETAIL Praxis Reihe zeigt anschaulich, wie die technische, gestalterische und konstruktive Integration der Solaranlagen am Gebäude gelingt. Das Kapitel Baurecht, ein Glossar sowie ergänzende Quellen und Verzeichnisse dienen der weiteren Vertiefung. Vorbildlich realisierte Projektbeispiele mit den unterschiedlichen Einbauvarianten an Dach und Fassade runden das Buch ab.