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In this fascinating book, Evelina Guzauskyte uses the names Columbus gave to places in the Caribbean Basin as a way to examine the complex encounter between Europeans and the native inhabitants.Guzauskyte challenges the common notion that Columbus's acts of naming were merely an imperial attempt to impose his will on the terrain. Instead, she argues that they were the result of the collisions between several distinct worlds, including the real and mythical geography of the Old World, Portuguese and Catalan naming traditions, and the knowledge and mapping practices of the Taino inhabitants of the Caribbean. Rather than reflecting the Spanish desire for an orderly empire, Columbus's collection of place names was fractured and fragmented - the product of the explorer's dynamic relationship with the inhabitants, nature, and geography of the Caribbean Basin.To complement Guzauskyte's argument, the book also features the first comprehensive list of the more than two hundred Columbian place names that are documented in his diarios and other contemporary sources.

Background: The objective of this paper is to analyze social inequalities in COVID-19 incidence, stratified by age, sex, geographical area, and income in Barcelona during the first two waves of the pandemic. Methods: We collected data on COVID-19 cases confirmed by laboratory tests during the first two waves of the pandemic (1 March to 15 July and 16 July to 30 November, 2020) in Barcelona. For each wave and sex, we calculated smooth cumulative incidence by census tract using a hierarchical Bayesian model. We analyzed income inequalities in the incidence of COVID-19, categorizing the census tracts into quintiles based on the income indicator. Results: During the two waves, women showed higher COVID-19 cumulative incidence under 64 years, while the trend was reversed after that threshold. The incidence of the disease was higher in some poor neighborhoods. The risk ratio (RR) increased in the poorest groups compared to the richest ones, mainly in the second wave, with RR being 1.67 (95% Credible Interval-CI-: 1.41–1.96) in the fifth quintile income group for men and 1.71 (95% CI: 1.44–1.99) for women. Conclusion: Our results indicate the existence of inequalities in the incidence of COVID-19 in an urban area of Southern Europe.

Fusarium Head Blight is a devastating disease of wheat caused by a complex of Fusarium species producing a wide range of mycotoxins. Fusarium species occurrence is variable in different geographical areas and subjected to a continuous evolution in their distribution. A total of 141 durum wheat field samples were collected in different regions of Italy in three years, and analyzed for Fusarium species and related mycotoxin occurrence. Mycotoxin contamination varied according to year and geographical origin. The highest mycotoxin contamination was detected in 2014. Deoxynivalenol was detected with an average of 240 µg/kg only in Central and Northern Italy; and T-2 and HT-2 toxins with an average of 150 µg/kg in Southern Italy. Approximately 80% of samples from Southern Italy in 2013/2014 showed T-2 and HT-2 levels over the EU recommended limits. Fusarium graminearum occurred mostly in Northern Italy, while F. langsethiae occurred in Southern Italy. These data showed that a real mycotoxin risk related to Fusarium exists on the whole in Italy, but varies according with geographical areas and environmental conditions. Consistent monitoring of Fusarium species and related mycotoxin distribution on a long period is worthwhile to generate more accurate knowledge on Fusarium species profile and mycotoxins associated and better establish the climatic change impact on wheat Fusarium epidemiology.

The World Health Organization (WHO) considers malocclusion one of the most important oral health problems, after caries and periodontal disease. Its prevalence is highly variable and is estimated to be between 39% and 93% in children and adolescents. Due to the importance of malocclusions in dentistry, the aim of our review is to assess the frequency of malocclusions among different geographical regions. A literature research was performed through the Pubmed, Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, Open Grey and Cochrane Library databases. The “PRISMA” guidelines were used for the following review. Fourteen studies were analysed for this review. Class I was found most frequently, followed by class II and finally class III. Considering the other anomalies, crowding was one of the most frequent with a prevalence of up to 84%, followed by spacing, which reached a frequency of 60%. Prevalence of crossbite and openbite was quite variable, while the evaluation of deepbite revealed more uniform values. The prevalence varied widely for most of the types of malocclusion in relation to the different populations, which suggests a role of genetics and environmental influences, typical of each population in determining dental problems.

La felicidad no es para Spinoza un premio que se otorga a la virtud, sino la misma vida en cuanto ella expresa la potencia de ser y actuar de cada hombre afirmándose, junto con otros individuos, frente a todo aquello que se le opone. Esta situación compleja obedece a la naturaleza de las cosas y determina que toda relación humana con los demás y con las cosas esté marcada por una afectividad ambivalente, contagiosa e inconstante; y al mismo tiempo la sitúa en un marco necesario donde acontece la puesta en escena de cada hombre bajo la figura concreta de su deseo y sus decisiones. La mirada a Spinoza y a su filosofía desde esta perspectiva nos hace renunciar a ese estereotipo del filósofo de alegría radiante, y nos invita a revisar con cautela, y a la luz de una alegría trágica y auroral, las nociones básicas de su filosofía. Y permite también comprender la extrañeza e incluso la hostilidad con las que -ya en su tiempo y en los años inmediatamente posteriores a su muerte- fue recibida esa filosofía suya, irreductible a cualquier otro sistema, incluido el racionalismo cartesiano, el mecanicismo hobbesiano o el panteísmo. Lo trágico no forma parte del léxico empleado por Spinoza, sin embargo da cuenta de ese pathos peculiar que emana de su filosofía, según el cual el deseo humano de vivir bajo la guía de la razón enseña a los hombres a mantenerse a flote sin hundirse en el drama ni en la tristeza, sabiendo que nadie vendrá a rescatarlos del mar tempestuoso de la vida porque no existe ninguna realidad trascendente donde refugiarse. Los textos que integran Métoikos: Spinoza trágico añaden a las numerosas interpretaciones existentes una mirada propia, fruto de años de trabajo reflexivo y de fecundos debates con otros spinozistas. En este libro no hay nada que no esté contenido de alguna forma en las páginas escritas por Spinoza. Su filosofía, potente y resistente como toda obra clásica, se deja pensar e interpelar aquí una vez más.María Luisa de la Cámara García se licencia en Filosofía y en Psicología por la Universidad Complutense. Se doctora en Filosofía con una tesis sobre Método y sistema en Spinoza, dirigida por Sergio Rábade. Completa su formación postdoctoral con Pierre-François Moreau en la ENS de Lyon, y en contacto con investigadores del Groupe de recherches spinozistes. Desarrolla su tarea docente e investigadora en la Facultad de Letras de Ciudad Real (UCLM). Edita y prologa el volumen III de las Obras de Sergio Rábade. El Racionalismo: Descartes y Spinoza (2006) y es coeditora de: El gobierno de los afectos (2007), con E. Fernández; Spinoza: De la física a la historia (2008) y Spinoza y la Antropología en la Modernidad (2017), con J. Carvajal; y La encrucijada de los afectos. Ensayos de E. Fernández (2018), con J. Carvajal y R. de Pablos. Ha impartido Seminarios sobre Spinoza en universidades españolas y extranjeras. Sus trabajos de investigación han sido publicados en revistas científicas y obras colectivas. Algunos de ellos han sido reunidos en el presente libro. Miembro fundador del Seminario Spinoza y Secretaria desde 2001 a 2017, coordina desde hace quince años el Boletín de Bibliografía Spinozista (Anales del Seminario de Historia de la Filosofía).

Phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are plasticizers used in many industrial products that can act as endocrine disruptors and lead to metabolic diseases. During the LIFE PERSUADED project, we measured the urinary concentrations of BPA and Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) metabolites in 900 Italian women representative of the Italian female adult population (living in the north, centre, and south of Italy in both rural and urban areas). The whole cohort was exposed to DEHP and BPA with measurable levels above limit of detection in more than 99% and 95% of the samples, respectively. The exposure patterns differed for the two chemicals in the three macro-areas with the highest urinary levels for DEHP in south compared to central and northern Italy and for BPA in northern compared to central and southern Italy. BPA levels were higher in women living in urban areas, whereas no difference between areas was observed for DEHP. The estimated daily intake of BPA was 0.11 μg/kg per day, about 36-fold below the current temporary tolerable daily intake of 4 μg/kg per day established by the EFSA in 2015. The analysis of cumulative exposure showed a positive correlation between DEHP and BPA. Further, the reduction of exposure to DEHP and BPA, through specific legislative measures, is necessary to limit the harmfulness of these substances.

Watershed factors often have overlapping influences. Group decision-making helps account for these ambiguities for better management strategies. To address this issue, the goal of this study is to provide a creative and unique tool known as a 2-tuple linguistic cubic q -rung orthopair fuzzy set (2TLCu q -ROFS) model. For dealing with uncertain and ambiguous information in multi-attribute group decision-making problems, the 2TLCu q -ROF framework is more efficient and superior to other fuzzy sets. The fundamental concept of 2TLCu q -ROFS is reviewed first, followed by the distance formula and operational rules of 2TLCu q -ROF numbers. We propose four novel weighted aggregation operators utilizing 2TLCu q -ROFNs in order to efficiently aggregate the values to investigate a group decision-making problems. Furthermore, the proposed operators combined with the power averaging (PA) operator to establish an extension of the technique for order of preference by similarity to the ideal solution (TOPSIS) method in the 2TLCu q -ROF environment to show the optimal altenative. After that, a multi-attribute group decision-making approach is proposed to resolve a decision-making problem related to watersheds’ hydrological geographical areas, which is the main contribution of this research. The criterion impact loss (CILOS) method is used to determine the weight information of attributes under the 2TLCu q -ROF environment. In this proposed methodology, we incorporate the independent decisions of all experts on the capabilities of alternatives in accordance with their attributes and then rank the alternatives. In addition, we perform the sensitivity and comparative analyses to explain the efficacy of the proposed methodology and the consistency of the results.

A human biomonitoring (HBM) study on bisphenol A (BPA) in Italian children and adolescents was performed within the LIFE PERSUADED project, considering the residing areas, sex and age. The median urinary BPA level was 7.02 µg/L, with children living in the South of Italy or in urban areas having higher levels than those residing in the North or in rural areas. Children aged 4–6 years had higher BPA levels than those aged 7–10 and 11–14 years, but no differences were detected between sexes. The exposure in Italian children was higher compared to children from other countries, but lower than the HBM guidance value (135 µg/L). The estimated daily intake was 0.17 μg/kg body weight (bw) per day, about 24-fold below the temporary Tolerable Daily Intake of 4 μg/kg bw per day established by the European Food Safety Authority. However, this threshold was exceeded in 1.44% of the enrolled children, raising concern about the overall exposure of Italian young population.

The Italian grape germplasm is characterized by a high level of richness in terms of varieties number, with nearly 600 wine grape varieties listed in the Italian National Register of Grapevine Varieties and with a plethora of autochthonous grapes. In the present study an extended SNP genotyping has been carried out on Italian germplasm of cultivated Vitis vinifera subsp. sativa and Vitis hybrids. Several hundred Italian varieties maintained in the repositories of scientific Institutions and about one thousand additional varieties derived from previous studies on European, Southern Italy, Magna Graecia and Georgian germplasm were considered. The large genotyping data obtained were used to check the presence of homonyms and synonyms, determine parental relationships, and identify the main ancestors of traditional Italian cultivars and closely-related accessions. The parentage among a set of 1,232 unique varieties has been assessed. A total of 92 new parent-offspring (PO) pairs and 14 new PO trios were identified. The resulted parentage network suggested that the traditional Italian grapevine germplasm originates largely from a few central varieties geographically distributed into several areas of genetic influence: “Strinto porcino” and its offspring “Sangiovese”, “Mantonico bianco” and “Aglianico” mainly as founder varieties of South-Western Italy (IT-SW); Italian Adriatic Coast (IT-AC); and Central Italy with most varieties being offsprings of “Visparola”, “Garganega” and “Bombino bianco”; “Termarina (Sciaccarello)” “Orsolina” and “Uva Tosca” as the main varieties of North-Western Italy (IT-NW) and Central Italy. The pedigree reconstruction by full-sib and second-degree relationships highlighted the key role of some cultivars, and, in particular, the centrality of “Visparola” in the origin of Italian germplasm appeared clear. An hypothetical migration of this variety within the Italian Peninsula from South to North along the eastern side, as well as of “Sangiovese” from South to Central Italy along the Western side might be supposed. Moreover, it was also highlighted that, among the main founders of muscat varieties, “Moscato bianco” and “Zibibbo (Muscat of Alexandria)” have spread over the whole Italy, with a high contribution by the former to germplasm of the North-Western of the peninsula.