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The growth-regulating factor (GRF) and GRF-interacting factor (GIF) gene families play crucial roles in enhancing plant genetic transformation efficiency. However, the functional contributions of pepper GRF and GIF genes in improving transformation efficiency remain unexplored. In this study, we identified 31 GRF genes and 9 GIF genes across pepper, tomato, and tobacco. A systematic analysis was conducted to characterize their phylogenetic relationships, gene structures, collinearity, and expression patterns. Collinearity analysis revealed large-scale duplication events among these three Solanaceae species. Furthermore, qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated significantly elevated ex-pression levels of pepper GRF and GIF genes in regenerative tissues, indicating their critical functional roles during pepper regeneration processes. Our findings provide novel insights into the evolution of GRF and GIF gene families in Solanaceous plants and identify several key candidate genes for future functional studies aimed at enhancing pepper regeneration efficiency and genetic transformation.

Summary Genome editing has become a routine tool for functionally characterizing plant and animal genomes. However, stable genome editing in plants remains limited by the time‐ and labour‐intensive process of generating transgenic plants, as well as by the efficient isolation of desired heritable edits. In this study, we evaluated the impact of the morphogenic regulator GRF‐GIF on plant regeneration and genome editing outcomes in tomato. We demonstrate that expressing a tomato GRF‐GIF chimera reliably accelerates the onset of shoot regeneration from callus tissue culture by approximately one month and nearly doubles the number of recovered transgenic plants. Consequently, the GRF‐GIF chimera enables the recovery of a broader range of edited haplotypes and simplifies the isolation of mutants harbouring heritable edits, but without markedly interfering with plant growth and development. Based on these findings, we outline strategies that employ basic or advanced diagnostic pipelines for efficient isolation of single‐ and higher‐order mutants in tomato. Our work represents a technical advantage for tomato transformation and genome editing, with potential applications across other Solanaceae species.

This article presents the results of a master research and aimed to discuss uses and interactions of youth profiles on Instagram through GIF publications in Instagram Stories–a feature for sharing photos and videos with a maximum of 24 hours in application memory. The main argument of your article is that these young people enjoy knowledge, pedagogies which circulate in digital social media to perform the happiness experienced and invented in Instagram Stories. The theoretical basis considere studies in the fields of cultural pedagogies, cyberculture apply to education specially studies related to digital social Networks and the age of mobility. The method used to analyze the stories was the qualitative, descriptive and analytical research of a netnographic nature. This article concludes that the young people analyzed perform the experiences of a happy life through GIF publications in Instagram Stories bringing up pedagogies which constitute the funcionality and the social Network: Instagram. O artigo apresenta resultados de uma pesquisa e teve como objetivo discutir usos e interações de perfis de jovens no Instagram por meio de publicações de GIFs na função Stories, recurso para compartilhamento de fotos e vídeos com duração de 24 horas na memória do aplicativo. O principal argumento é que esse grupo de jovens usufrui de saberes, de pedagogias que circulam nas mídias sociais digitais para performar a felicidade experimentada e/ou inventada no Instagram Stories. A fundamentação teórica considerou estudos nos campos das pedagogias culturais, da cibercultura aplicada à educação, notadamente, os estudos relacionados às redes sociais digitais e a era da mobilidade. O método utilizado foi o da pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e analítica, de cunho netnográfico. O artigo conclui que os jovens estudados performam as experiências de felicidade vividas por meio de GIFs no Instagram Storiese, desta forma, trazem à tona pedagogias que constituem a funcionalidade e a rede social em questão. Este artículo muestra resultados de una investigación que tuvo como objetivo discutir usos e interacciones de perfiles de jóvenes en Instagram a través de publicaciones de GIF en la función Stories, recurso para compartir fotos y videos con permanencia de 24 horas en la memoria del aplicativo. El argumento central es que ese grupo de jóvenes aprovecha saberes, pedagogías que circulan en los medios sociales digitales para representar la felicidad experimentada y/o inventada en el Instagram Stories. La fundamentación teórica consideró estudios em el campo delas pedagogías culturales y de la cibercultura aplicada a la educación, especialmente, aquellos relacionados con las redes sociales y la era de la movilidad. El método utilizado fue el de investigación cualitativa, descriptiva y analítica, de tipo netnográfico. Se concluye que los jóvenes colaboradores desarrollan la felicidad vivida por medio de GIF en el Instagram Stories y, de esta forma, traen a la superficie pedagogías que constituyen la funcionalidad y la red social en cuestión.

Forest tree breeding efforts have focused mainly on improving traits of economic importance, selecting trees suited to new environments or generating trees that are more resilient to biotic and abiotic stressors. This review describes various methods of forest tree selection assisted by genomics and the main technological challenges and achievements in research at the genomic level. Due to the long rotation time of a forest plantation and the resulting long generation times necessary to complete a breeding cycle, the use of advanced techniques with traditional breeding have been necessary, allowing the use of more precise methods for determining the genetic architecture of traits of interest, such as genome-wide association studies (GWASs) and genomic selection (GS). In this sense, main factors that determine the accuracy of genomic prediction models are also addressed. In turn, the introduction of genome editing opens the door to new possibilities in forest trees and especially clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9 (CRISPR/Cas9). It is a highly efficient and effective genome editing technique that has been used to effectively implement targetable changes at specific places in the genome of a forest tree. In this sense, forest trees still lack a transformation method and an inefficient number of genotypes for CRISPR/Cas9. This challenge could be addressed with the use of the newly developing technique GRF-GIF with speed breeding.

Plant leaves undergo a series of developmental changes from leaf primordium initiation through growth and maturation to senescence throughout their life span. Although the mechanisms underlying leaf senescence have been intensively elucidated, our knowledge of the interrelationship between early leaf development and senescence is still fragmentary. We isolated the oresara15-1Dominant (ore15-1D) mutant, which had an extended leaf longevity and an enlarged leaf size, from activation-tagged lines of Arabidopsis. Plasmid rescue identified that ORE15 encodes a PLANT A/T-RICH SEQUENCE- AND ZINC-BINDING PROTEIN family transcription factor. Phenotypes of ore15-1D and ore15-2, a loss-of-function mutant, were evaluated through physiological and anatomical analyses. Microarray, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and chromatin immunoprecipitation as well as genetic analysis were employed to reveal the molecular mechanism of ORE15 in the regulation of leaf growth and senescence. ORE15 enhanced leaf growth by promoting the rate and duration of cell proliferation in the earlier stage and suppressed leaf senescence in the later stage by modulating the GROWTH-REGULATING FACTOR (GRF)/GRF-INTERACTING FACTOR regulatory pathway. Our study highlighted a molecular conjunction through ORE15 between growth and senescence, which are two temporally separate developmental processes during leaf life span.

Key messageGRF–GIF chimeric proteins from multiple source species enhance in vitro regeneration in both wild and cultivated lettuce. In addition, they enhance regeneration in multiple types of lettuce including butterheads, romaines, and crispheads.The ability of plants to regenerate in vitro has been exploited for use in tissue culture systems for plant propagation, plant transformation, and genome editing. The success of in vitro regeneration is often genotype dependent and continues to be a bottleneck for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and its deployment for improvement of some crop species. Manipulation of transcription factors that play key roles in plant development such as BABY BOOM, WUSCHEL, and GROWTH-REGULATING FACTORs (GRFs) has improved regeneration and transformation efficiencies in several plant species. Here, we compare the efficacy of GRF–GIF gene fusions from multiple species to boost regeneration efficiency and shooting frequency in four genotypes of wild and cultivated lettuce (Lactuca spp. L.). In addition, we show that GRF–GIFs with mutated miRNA 396 binding sites increase regeneration efficiency and shooting frequency when compared to controls. We also present a co-transformation strategy for increased transformation efficiency and recovery of transgenic plants harboring a gene of interest. This strategy will enhance the recovery of transgenic plants of other lettuce genotypes and likely other crops in the Compositae family.

This paper deals with topological design optimization of elastic, continuum structures without damping that are subjected to time-harmonic, design-independent external dynamic loading with prescribed excitation frequency, amplitude and spatial distribution. The admissible design domain, the boundary conditions, and the available amount(s) of material(s) for single- or bi-material structures are given. An important objective of such a design problem is often to drive the resonance frequencies of the structure as far away as possible from the given excitation frequency in order to avoid resonance and to reduce the vibration level of the structure. In the present paper, the excitation frequency is defined to be ‘low’ for positive values up to and including the fundamental resonance frequency of the structure, and to be ‘high’ for values beyond that. Our paper shows that it may be very important to consider different design paths in problems of minimum dynamic compliance in order to obtain desirable solutions for prescribed excitation frequencies, and a so-called ‘ incremental frequency technique’ (IF technique) is applied for this. Subsequently, the IF technique is integrated into an extended, systematic method named as the ‘ generalized incremental frequency method ’ (GIF method) that is developed for gradient based dynamic compliance minimization for not only ‘low’, but also ‘high’ excitation frequencies of the structure. The GIF method performs search for and determination of the solution to the minimum dynamic compliance design problem, but this is subject to the complexity that problems with prescribed high excitation frequencies exhibit disjointed design sub-spaces. Each of these sub-spaces is associated with a local minimum value of the dynamic compliance, so in general the ‘global optimum solution’ will have to be selected as the ‘best’ solution from among a number of local candidate solutions. Illustrative examples of application of the IF technique and the GIF method are presented in the paper.

Rice Growth-Regulating Factors ( GRFs ) were originally identified to be gibberellin (GA)-induced, but the nature of GA induction has remained unknown because most reports thereafter focused on revealing their roles in growth-promoting activities. GRFs have the WRC (Trp, Arg, Cys) domain to target DNA and contain the QLQ (Gln, Leu, Gln) domain to interact with GRF-Interacting Factor (GIF), which recruits ATP-dependent DNA translocase Switch/Sucrose Non-fermenting (SWI/SNF) for chromatin remodeling. Both GRFs and GIFs exhibit transcriptional activities but GIFs lack a DNA-binding domain. So, GRFs act like a navigator in the GRF-GIF-SWI/SNF complex, determining when and where the complex should work on. The levels of most rice GRFs can be sensitively regulated by miR396, which responds to many developmental and environmental factors. Recent clues from several studies highlight the original question of how GRFs participate in GA signaling. DELLA (contain DELLA motif) protein plays dual roles in controlling the level of GRFs by regulating the level of miR396 and interacting with GRFs. Here we address the question of why this complex plays an essential role in controlling plant growth focusing on the action of GA signaling pivot, DELLA.

Background Plant growth-regulating factors (GRFs) and GRF-interacting factors (GIFs) interact with each other and collectively have important regulatory roles in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Therefore, it is of great significance to explore the systematic evolution of GRF and GIF gene families. However, our knowledge and understanding of the role of GRF and GIF genes during plant evolution has been fragmentary. Results In this study, a large number of genomic and transcriptomic datasets of algae, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms were used to systematically analyze the evolution of GRF and GIF genes during the evolution of plants. The results showed that GRF gene first appeared in the charophyte Klebsormidium nitens , whereas the GIF genes originated relatively early, and these two gene families were mainly expanded by segmental duplication events after plant terrestrialization. During the process of evolution, the protein sequences and functions of GRF and GIF family genes are relatively conservative. As cooperative partner, GRF and GIF genes contain the similar types of cis-acting elements in their promoter regions, which enables them to have similar transcriptional response patterns, and both show higher levels of expression in reproductive organs and tissues and organs with strong capacity for cell division. Based on protein–protein interaction analysis and verification, we found that the GRF–GIF protein partnership began to be established in pteridophytes and is highly conserved across different terrestrial plants. Conclusions These results provide a foundation for further exploration of the molecular evolution and biological functions of GRF and GIF genes.

The animated Graphics Interchange Format (GIF) is a digital file format with a long history within internet cultures and digital content. Emblematic of the early Web, the GIF fell from favor in the late 1990s before experiencing a resurgence that has seen the format become ubiquitous within digital communication. While the GIF has certain technical affordances that make it highly versatile, this is not the sole reason for its ubiquity. Instead, GIFs have become a key communication tool in contemporary digital cultures thanks to a combination of their features, constraints, and affordances. GIFs are polysemic, largely because they are isolated snippets of larger texts. This, combined with their endless, looping repetition, allows them to relay multiple levels of meaning in a single GIF. This symbolic complexity makes them an ideal tool for enhancing two core aspects of digital communication: the performance of affect and the demonstration of cultural knowledge. The combined impact of these capabilities imbues the GIF with resistant potential, but it has also made it ripe for commodification. In this article, we outline and articulate the GIF’s features and affordances, investigate their implications, and discuss their broader significance for digital culture and communication.