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The Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), the composite indicator of national competitiveness discussed in this paper, is widely accepted by policymakers and other authorities for its ability to integrate a significant amount of relevant information about competitive advantages and disadvantages of countries on different levels of development. The explanatory power of this international ranking depends strongly on the choices made during the process of construction of the composite index (CI). Being inspired by the newly proposed WEF's attitude (the methodology of the GCI 4.0 based on the same weights for the pillars) we used the arithmetic and geometric mean on different levels of aggregation - on the level of the twelve pillars and the level of the three sub-indices (basic requirements, efficiency enhancers, innovation and sophisticated factors). This attitude enables us to reduce the methodological problem of compensability among the pillars and sub-indices. This paper explains the differences caused by the abovementioned methodological changes. Our analysis is concentrated on changes in the competitive position of three Asian countries - Vietnam, South Korea and Japan - caused by using different aggregation methods.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to construct a conceptual framework of the effects of customer engagement on cause-related marketing (CRM), with the goal of providing a solid scientific foundation for the development and stimulation of future research on the critical intersection of these two topics.Design/methodology/approachThe research defines customer engagement in CRM campaigns as the conditions under which consumers are allowed to choose the cause that receives the donation, the cause proximity (geographical proximity) and the type of donation in a CRM campaign.FindingsThe paper conceptualizes the role of customer engagement in enhancing the effectiveness of a CRM campaign, in terms of coverage, customization and reduced consumer skepticism, as well as in triggering positive word-of-mouth (WOM) persuasion behaviors.Practical implicationsThe conceptual framework provides several practicable directions toward effective control of CRM campaign outcomes, for both local and global firms.Originality/valueThe paper rests on established empirical foundations to develop a comprehensive preliminary multi- disciplinary framework on the subject, setting the path for further research in the fields of CRM, customer engagement and International Business Research, and reaching findings of both scholarly and executive worth.

Research Question: Improvement of the educational system facilitates access to labour market and affectsstability as well as the competitiveness index. On the other hand, the country with a high score of GCI has a better educationalsystem and more stable labour market. Motivation: Our goal was to investigate how important it is for a countryto have educated people and how difficult it is to achieve a high rank in labour market efficiency without them. Results ofthe previous studies showed that higher education is connected with the labor market. According to this statement in thepaper we analyzed two indicators, the Higher education and training and Labor market efficiency and their influence onthe competitiveness score of the countries. Idea: The main idea was to analyze how higher education and training and labormarket efficiency impact the competitiveness score of the country. Data: The data were collected from The Global Competitiveness Report 2015-2016. We analysed the influence of Higher Education and Training pillar and Labour Market Efficiency pillar on the overall rankings of 15 top competitiveness countries and 10 Balkan countries. Tools: In the paper weused correlation, clustering, and regression analyses. First, we compared the GCI 2015-2016 and the GCI 2014-2015.Second, we did cluster analysis between influential indicators in higher education and training pillar (pillar 5) as well as forLabour market efficiency pillar (pillar 7) to identify the difference between top 15 and the Balkan region countries. The regression analysis has been performed to determine the most influential indicators on GCI in pillar 5 and pillar 7. Findings:The most important result is that the human resource development and market demands for competences affect the developmentof the country’s economy. Contribution: Results may have important implications for labor market efficiencyand strategic national labour market framework development.

The recent transformation of the national economies has raised numerous theoretical and practical aspects in measuring economic growth, welfare, environmental performance, and competitiveness, representing a challenging research topic within the context of economic paradigm transformation. Despite its importance, a fully operational model to be used in any context has not yet been designed. The main aim of this paper is to evaluate and analyze the macroeconomic dimension of the three determinants of sustainable competitiveness: the economic environment, the social environment, and the natural environment, at both the European and Romanian levels. This paper used the Hierarchical Clustering methodology, aiming at evaluating the global competitiveness in terms of a sustainable development model, using four indices: Human Development Index, Environmental Performance Index, Global Competitiveness Index, and GDP per capita. The clusters were designed on the basis of the role of the indices in assessment of the sustainable performances of the countries and also of the possible convergences between them. The results could sustain the conclusion that these indices are not able to offer an exhaustive image of the sustainable performances assessment. A new complex indicator could be considered in order to design a convergence model for the EU member states.

This paper draws on the social and behavioral sciences in an endeavor to specify the nature and microfoundations of the capabilities necessary to sustain superior enterprise performance in an open economy with rapid innovation and globally dispersed sources of invention, innovation, and manufacturing capability. Dynamic capabilities enable business enterprises to create, deploy, and protect the intangible assets that support superior long- run business performance. The microfoundations of dynamic capabilities--the distinct skills, processes, procedures, organizational structures, decision rules, and disciplines--which undergird enterprise-level sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring capacities are difficult to develop and deploy. Enterprises with strong dynamic capabilities are intensely entrepreneurial. They not only adapt to business ecosystems, but also shape them through innovation and through collaboration with other enterprises, entities, and institutions. The framework advanced can help scholars understand the foundations of long-run enterprise success while helping managers delineate relevant strategic considerations and the priorities they must adopt to enhance enterprise performance and escape the zero profit tendency associated with operating in markets open to global competition.

The global competitiveness (GC) literature has proven to be a developing, yet critical element in international marketing research. Broadly, GC studies have become a part of the marketing, international business, and strategic management fields. In light of this far-reaching topic and to gain a unique understanding of the dynamics across the GC domain, this study examines the intellectual structure of GC research at two distinct levels of analysis: overall GC publications and marketing and international business GC articles. This review of the literature uses cocitation data to provide insight to the field and develop a research-based model for future consideration. A total of 48 journals are included, providing 1,819 articles with 115,462 citations for examination. Applying multidimensional scaling to analyze the data, the study introduces a GC-focused model and provides possible topics for research. The proposed organizing framework includes elements of a market-based perspective (offering development, market orientation, and process emphasis), strategy implementation (firm-related advantages, strategic approach, and international focus), and performance to advance the critical nature of the marketing function in the GC literature.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to identify the differences between Hungarian family-owned businesses (FOBs) and non-family-owned businesses (NFOBs) concerning the elements of SME competitiveness and financial performance. Design/methodology/approach The research covers the Hungarian data set of the Global Competitiveness Project (GCP, www.sme-gcp.org) of 738 (data collection between 2018 and 2020) non-listed SMEs, of which 328 were FOBs. The study uses the comprehensive, multidimensional competitiveness measurement of the GCP built on the resource-based view (RBV) and the configuration theory. Financial performance was captured with two composite indicators: short-term and long-term financial performance (LTFP). The comparative analysis between FOBs and NFOBs was conducted using binary logistic regression. Findings The results show that FOBs are more prone to focusing on local niche markets with higher longevity and LTFP than NFOBs. However, FOBs have lower innovation intensity and less organised administrative procedures. The most contradicting finding is that the FOBs’ higher LTFP is accompanied by significantly lower competitiveness than in the case of NFOBs. Originality/value This study goes beyond other GCP studies by including composite financial performance measures among the variables examined. The combination of performance-causing (resources and capabilities) and performance-representing (financial performance) variables provides a better understanding of the non-listed SMEs in terms of family ownership. The results help academia to enrich the RBV-competitiveness, the non-listed SME management and finance literature, and policymakers to design business development and support schemes. They also show future entrepreneurs the impact of family ownership on entrepreneurial success.

The aim of this paper is to examine the interdependence between higher education on the one hand and the competitiveness of the economy and sustainable development on the other hand. To examine the mentioned interdependence, we used a sample that includes EU member states and candidate countries. The paper applies correlation and regression analysis of comparative data sections. The research findings indicate a strong correlation between higher education on the one hand and the competitiveness of the economy and sustainable development on the other. The results obtained by research can serve as a “global benchmark” of future public policy in the field of higher education.

Purpose Although studies have shown the relevance of building information modeling (BIM) in cost estimating process, efforts at investigating BIM based detailed cost estimating among professional quantity surveyors through quantitative approach are scanty. The purpose of this study is to identify and examine the usage of BIM-based detailed cost estimating software and assesses the drivers to BIM adoption within the Nigerian quantity surveying consulting firms. Design/methodology/approach A comprehensive literature review, pilot study and questionnaire survey were adopted. The survey targeted both the BIM users and non- BIM users’ quantity surveying consulting firms in Lagos, Nigeria. The data collected were analyzed using frequency, percentage, mean score, standard deviation, Mann–Whitney test and factor analysis. Findings The study found that 46.58 per cent of quantity surveying consulting firms are aware of BIM and have adopted it for detailed cost estimating, while 49.32 per cent of quantity surveying consulting firms are aware but have not adopted BIM-based detailed cost estimating, and 4.10 per cent of quantity surveying consulting firms are not aware at all. Also, the study identified various BIM-based detailed cost estimating software used in quantity surveying practices and found that Microsoft Excel is often used alongside 3D software, Autodesk QTO, Navisworks, Innovaya Composer and CostX are prevalent BIM software used for detailed cost estimating. In addition, the study identified 21 drivers to the adoption of BIM in quantity surveying practices. The result of factor analysis grouped the 21 identified drivers into five principal factors: improved whole lifecycle/design quality, enhanced decision and visualization, cost and time saving, marketing and support for quantity surveyor tasks and government and client pressure. Practical implications This study provides significant insight into the application of BIM to quantity surveying consulting practices, thereby enabling consultant quantity surveyors to make informed decisions to select BIM cost estimating software to suit their practices. Further, the study findings can be useful for individuals’, clients’ and contractors’ quantity surveyors to be fully aware of the opportunities BIM could bring in relation to their service delivery. Originality/value Accurate cost estimating, effective cost monitoring and control are essential elements to a construction project success. This study further emphasized the importance of BIM to quantity surveying practices, particularly in the area of the detailed cost estimating.

This research examines the complex relationship between neoliberalism—an economic ideology—and the adoption of English as the medium of instruction (EMI) in Taiwanese higher education, implemented through subtle language policy mechanisms. Emphasizing internationalization, the Taiwanese Ministry of Education has spurred curriculum innovations across universities, promoting EMI as a key strategy for attaining this goal. However, this push toward English instruction is often influenced by neoliberal ideologies. Examining the early developmental trajectory of Taiwan's English education policy, the study analyzes policy documents to reveal the evolutionary process of English Medium Instruction (EMI) implementation across universities, exploring how these policies are shaped by free-market perspectives and the broader goals of global competitiveness. Highlighting the drawbacks of a market-driven approach, the analysis exposes the neglect of multilingualism, risks of cultural homogenization, and disregard for social costs associated with such policies. Ultimately, the study advocates for a balanced approach to internationalization that preserves linguistic diversity and upholds genuine global engagement while protecting local educational values.