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The complete guide to DIY greenhouses
From ornate, Victorian style greenhouses to basic cold frames, you're sure to find a project that meets your needs and fits your space. In this new edition, you'll find several new plans to expand the range of options, including a geodesic-dome greenhouse, a custom greenhouse with a fieldstone foundation, more kit greenhouses, and even a super-efficient greenhouse built completely form upcycled building materials- the greenest greenhouse you'll find!\"-- Back cover.
Book
Correction: Choonya et al. Experimental Investigation of Wall Confluent Jets on Transparent Large-Space Building Envelopes: Part 2—Application in Cooling Greenhouses. Energies 2026, 19, 875
In the original publication [...]
Journal Article
Build a better vegetable garden : 30 DIY projects to improve your harvest
Joyce and Ben Russell have devised 30 kitchen garden projects that will transform your vegetable plot into somewhere more productive, more attractive and more secure.
Book
Rice straw burning: a review on its global prevalence and the sustainable alternatives for its effective mitigation
Being one of the most important staple crops of the world, rice has played a vital role in slaking the calorie requirements of the masses in all the inhabitable continents of our planet. Regardless of this fact, there are many environmental concerns related to the rice production systems across the globe. One of the major worries is the emission of lethal greenhouse gases as a result of the different steps and procedures concerned with rice production and their contribution towards global warming. This study presents the status quo of the rice straw burning practice across the globe. It focuses on the greenhouse gas emissions as a result of the open field burning of rice residues and its direct effect on the environment, eventually contributing towards climate change. The study evidently shortlists the most profound regions contributing towards the open burning dilemma and the socio-political reasons associated with it. The study additionally discusses the different alternatives to straw burning with a clear-cut motive of throwing light on the opportunities that lie in the efficacious and sustainable utilization of homogeneous agricultural wastes. Different in-field straw management techniques related to the farmers and off-field methods related to the industry have been discussed. Predicated upon a survey of the life cycle assessment (LCA) studies across the globe, it is concluded that soil incorporation and electricity generation are the most environment friendly alternatives with an enormous scope of improvement in the coming future.
Journal Article
Observations of Greenhouse Gases as Climate Indicators
Humans have significantly altered the energy balance of the Earth’s climate system mainly not only by extracting and burning fossil fuels but also by altering the biosphere and using halocarbons. The 3rd US National Climate Assessment pointed to a need for a system of indicators of climate and global change based on long-term data that could be used to support assessments and this led to the development of the National Climate Indicators System (NCIS). Here we identify a representative set of key atmospheric indicators of changes in atmospheric radiative forcing due to greenhouse gases (GHGs), and we evaluate atmospheric composition measurements, including non-CO2GHGs for use as climate change indicators in support of the US National Climate Assessment. GHG abundances and their changes over time can provide valuable information on the success of climate mitigation policies, as well as insights into possible carbon-climate feedback processes that may ultimately affect the success of those policies. To ensure that reliable information for assessing GHG emission changes can be provided on policy-relevant scales, expanded observational efforts are needed. Furthermore, the ability to detect trends resulting from changing emissions requires a commitment to supporting long-term observations. Long-term measurements of greenhouse gases, aerosols, and clouds and related climate indicators used with a dimming/brightening index could provide a foundation for quantifying forcing and its attribution and reducing error in existing indicators that do not account for complicated cloud processes.
Journal Article
Comparative evaluation of greenhouse gas emissions and specific energy consumption of different drying techniques in pear slices
In recent years, global warming, climate change, and carbon emissions have emerged due to the uncontrolled use of fossil fuels and the lack of widespread use of renewable energy sources on a global scale. This research investigated specific energy consumption (SEC) and greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions (carbon dioxide [CO2] and nitrogen oxides [NOX]) during the drying of pear samples by five different types of dryers, namely, convective (CV), infrared (IR), microwave (MW), combined IR/CV, and MW/CV. Moreover, the quality properties of dried pears, such as shrinkage, rehydration (RR), and color change were determined. The results showed that the highest shrinkage (72.53%) and color change (ΔE = 33.41) values were obtained in CV drying at 50 °C and thickness of 2 mm and IR dryer 1000 W and thickness of 6 mm, respectively. The greatest rehydration rate (4.25) was also determined in MW/CV drying at 450 W and an air temperature of 60 °C. The lowest SEC was observed for the MW/CV dryer with a power of 630 W and air temperature 70 °C (20.25 MJ/kg), while the highest SEC (267.61 MJ/kg) was obtained in the CV drying (50 °C, sample thickness of 6 mm). The highest CO2 and NOX emissions (GT-GO power plant) were 280.45 and 1.55 kg/kg water in the CV dryer at 50 °C and a thickness of 6 mm. In conclusion, the increases in IR and MW power and temperatures led to reduced CO2 and NOX emissions, while the increases in sample thickness led to increase CO2 and NOX emissions.
Journal Article
Global Warming Potential Is Not an Ecosystem Property
Greenhouse gas metrics and ecosystem greenhouse gas fluxes should not be confounded with each other, either conceptually or in the language that we use to describe them. The global warming potential (GWP) and sustained-flux global warming potential (SGWP) are metrics that describe the relative radiative impact of different greenhouse gases and have been widely used to normalize greenhouse gas fluxes as CO₂ equivalents to facilitate comparisons. A clear application of definitions, the pursuit of scientific clarity, and the ability of language to influence our thinking collectively indicate that GWP and SGWP should not be used as synonyms for greenhouse gas fluxes. I examined journal articles that mentioned either of these metrics and were published in Ecosystems, Global Change Biology, or the wetland literature. A substantial fraction of these articles used GWP and/or SGWP in ways that were inconsistent with the original definitions of these terms as greenhouse gas metrics. Often, multiple meanings were used within the same article. Further, many articles used the names of the greenhouse gas metrics as synKey onyms for CO₂-equivalent greenhouse gas fluxes. I recommend that (1) GWP and SGWP should only be used following their original definitions as greenhouse gas metrics; (2) CO₂-equivalent greenhouse gas flux should be used as an accurate and descriptive framework for describing metricweighted greenhouse gas exchanges; and (3) radiative balance is an appropriate alternate name for CO₂-equivalent greenhouse gas fluxes, but radiative forcing should only be used to describe changes in the radiative balance. There is a robust research community studying the role of terrestrial, wetland, and aquatic ecosystems as regulators of global climate. The use of clear, consistent, and unambiguous terminology will help us effectively communicate our findings to other scientists, ecosystem managers, and policy makers.
Journal Article
Globally significant greenhouse-gas emissions from African inland waters
Carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere from inland waters—streams, rivers, lakes and reservoirs—are nearly equivalent to ocean and land sinks globally. Inland waters can be an important source of methane and nitrous oxide emissions as well, but emissions are poorly quantified, especially in Africa. Here we report dissolved carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide concentrations from 12 rivers in sub-Saharan Africa, including seasonally resolved sampling at 39 sites, acquired between 2006 and 2014. Fluxes were calculated from published gas transfer velocities, and upscaled to the area of all sub-Saharan African rivers using available spatial data sets. Carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions from river channels alone were about 0.4 Pg carbon per year, equivalent to two-thirds of the overall net carbon land sink previously reported for Africa. Including emissions from wetlands of the Congo river increases the total carbon dioxide-equivalent greenhouse-gas emissions to about 0.9 Pg carbon per year, equivalent to about one quarter of the global ocean and terrestrial combined carbon sink. Riverine carbon dioxide and methane emissions increase with wetland extent and upland biomass. We therefore suggest that future changes in wetland and upland cover could strongly affect greenhouse-gas emissions from African inland waters.
Inland waters are important sources of greenhouse gases. Measurements over eight years suggest that African inland waters are a substantial source of greenhouse gases, equivalent to a quarter of the global land and ocean carbon sink.
Journal Article
A global analysis of CO2 and non-CO2 GHG emissions embodied in trade with Belt and Road Initiative countries
Introduction: The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is an important cooperative framework that increasingly affects the global economy, trade, and emission patterns. However, most existing studies pay insufficient attention to consumption-based emissions, embodied emissions, and non-CO2 greenhouse gases (GHGs). This study constructs a GHG emissions database to study the trends and variations in production-based, consumption-based, and embodied emissions associated with BRI countries.Outcome: We find that the per capita GHG emissions of BRI countries are lower than the global average but show significant variation within this group. We also find that trade-embodied emissions between BRI countries and China are growing. As a group, BRI countries are anet exporter of GHGs, with a global share of net export emissions of about 20%. In 2011, nearly 80% of GHG export emissions from BRI countries flowed to non-BRI countries, and nearly 15% flowed to China; about 57% of GHG import emissions were from non-BRI countries, and about 38% were from China.Conclusion: Therefore, this study concludes that the BRI should be used to coordinate climate governance to accelerate and strengthen the dissemination and deployment of low-emissions technologies, strategies, and policies within the BRI so as to avoid a carbon-intensive lock-in effect.
Journal Article
Temporarily and frequently occurring summer stratification and its effects on nutrient dynamics, greenhouse gas emission and fish habitat use: case study from Lake Ormstrup (Denmark)
Temporary summer stratification is probably a common, but easily overlooked phenomenon in many shallow lakes, because short-term temperature stratification and mixing events are not easily discovered by routine samplings. We used two years of high frequency measurements and monitoring of 5-m deep and hypereutrophic Lake Ormstrup, Denmark to study the dynamics of temporary stratification and its effects on oxygen concentrations, nutrient cycling, greenhouse gas emissions and fish habitat use. Temporary stratification followed by complete mixing of the water column occurred several times each summer, but its duration was highly variable between years despite only small climatic variations. Anoxia at depths greater than 2–3 m developed within a few days after stratification. During anoxia fish accumulated in the upper 2 m and high accumulation of phosphate (up to 1.34 mg/l), ammonia (up to 2.32 mg/l) and greenhouse gases (methane up to 5 mg/l) occurred at depths greater than 2–3 m that were released at mixing. Lake Ormstrup is an example of how very dynamic, unpredictable, and variable mixing conditions develop each summer with significant implications for fish habitat use, nutrient dynamics and greenhouse gas emissions. This might adjust our view of these lakes in a management and climate change perspective.
Journal Article