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The aim of this work to study an efficient laccase producing fungus Ganoderma leucocontextum, which was identified by ITS regions of DNA and phylogenetic tree was constructed. This study showed the laccase first-time from G. leucocontextum by using medium containing guaiacol. The growth cultural (pH, temperature, incubation days, rpm) and nutritional (carbon and nitrogen sources) conditions were optimized, which enhanced the enzyme production up to 4.5-folds. Laccase production increased 855 U/L at 40 °C. The pH 5.0 was suitable for laccase secretion (2517 U/L) on the 7th day of incubation at 100 rpm (698.3 U/L). Glucose and sucrose were good carbon source to enhance the laccase synthesis. The 10 g/L beef (4671 U/L) and yeast extract (5776 U/L) were the best nitrogen source for laccase secretion from G. leucocontextum. The laccase was purified from the 80% ammonium sulphate precipitations of protein identified by nucleotides sequence. The molecular weight (65.0 kDa) of purified laccase was identified through SDS and native PAGE entitled as Glacc110. The Glacc110 was characterized under different parameters. It retained > 90% of its activity for 16 min incubation at 60 °C in acidic medium (pH 4.0). This enzyme exerted its optimal activity at pH 3.0 and temperature 70 °C with guaiacol substrate. The catalytic parameters K m and V max was 1.658 (mM) and 2.452 ( mM/min), respectively. The thermo stability of the laccase produced by submerged fermentation of G. leucocontextum has potential for industrial and biotechnology applications. The results remarked the G. leucocontextum is a good source for laccase production.

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) of Pleurotus ostreatus was supplemented with wheat bran and soybean flour in various proportions to obtain C/N ratios of 10, 20, and 30, and their effect was evaluated in successive cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus , Pleurotus pulmonarius , Ganoderma adspersum , Ganoderma resinaceum , and Lentinula edodes strains with respect to mycelium growth rate, biomass concentration, recovery of the enzyme laccase and crude exopolysaccharides, and also with additional fruiting body production. All fungi showed the highest growth rate on unamended SMS (C/N 30), with G. resinaceum being the fastest colonizer (Kr = 9.84 mm day −1 ), while biomass concentration maximized at C/N 10. Moreover, supplementation affected positively laccase activity, with P. pulmonarius furnishing the highest value (44,363.22 U g −1 ) at C/N 20. On the contrary, L. edodes growth, fruiting, and laccase secretion were not favored by SMS supplementation. Fruiting body formation was promoted at C/N 30 for Ganoderma and at C/N 20 for Pleurotus species. Exopolysaccharide production of further studied Pleurotus strains was favored at a C/N 20 ratio, at the initial stage of SMS colonization. The obtained results support the potential effective utilization of supplemented SMS for laccase production from Ganoderma spp. and for new fruiting body production of Pleurotus spp.

A white-rot basidiomycete Ganoderma spp. has long been used as a medicinal mushroom in Asia, and it has an array of pharmacological properties for immunomodulatory activity. There have been many reports about the bioactive components and their pharmacological properties. In order to analyze the current status of Ganoderma products, the detailed process of cultivation of Ganoderma spp. and development of their products are restated in this review article. These include the breeding, cultivating, extracting bioactive component, and processing Ganoderma products, etc. This article will expand people’s common knowledge on Ganoderma, and provide a beneficial reference for research and industrial production.

This study reports for the first time the occurrence of Ganoderma ellipsoideum , a wood-decaying fungus, in Vietnam. Species identification was achieved through morphological characterization and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear ribosomal DNA. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the Vietnamese specimens clustered within the Ganoderma ellipsoideum taxon, supported by high bootstrap and posterior probability values (90%/1.00). Morphological features further indicated its placement within the Ganoderma applanatum–australe complex. In vitro cytotoxicity assays revealed that the ethanol extract and its sub-fractions (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, aqueous) exerted inhibitory effects on human breast cancer MCF-7 cells, with the ethyl acetate fraction showing the strongest activity. In silico molecular docking demonstrated strong binding affinities between major triterpenoid compounds and key breast cancer-related proteins, including HPA, MELK, CK2α, and NUDT5. These findings not only establish Ganoderma ellipsoideum as a newly recorded species in Vietnam, but also suggest its promising potential as a source of anticancer agents.

Ganoderma is a large, diverse and globally-distributed genus in the Basidiomycota that includes species causing a white rot form of wood decay on a variety of tree species. For the past century, many studies of Ganoderma in North America and other regions of the world have used the name G. lucidum sensu lato for any laccate (shiny or varnished) Ganoderma species growing on hardwood trees or substrates. Molecular studies have established that G. lucidum sensu stricto (Curtis) Karst is native to Europe and some parts of China. To determine the species of the laccate Ganoderma that are present in the United States, we studied over 500 collections from recently collected samples and herbarium specimens from hardwoods, conifers, and monocots. A multilocus phylogeny using ITS, tef1α, rpb1 and rpb2 revealed three well-supported clades, similar to previously reported findings. From the U.S. collections, thirteen taxa representing twelve species were identified, including: G. curtisii, G. lucidum sensu stricto, G. martinicense, G. oregonense, G. polychromum, G. ravenelii, G. sessile, G. tsugae, G. tuberculosum, G. cf. weberianum, G. zonatum, and Tomophagus colossus (syn. G. colossus). The species G. meredithiae is synonymized with G. curtisii, and considered a physiological variant that specializes in decay of pines. The designation G. curtisii f.sp. meredithiae forma specialis nov. is proposed. Species such as G. curtisii and G. sessile, once considered as G. lucidum sensu lato, were found to be divergent from one another, and highly divergent from G. lucidum sensu stricto. Morphological characteristics such as context tissue color and features (e.g. melanoid bands), basidiospore shape and size, geographic location, and host preference were found to aid in species identification. Surprisingly, G. lucidum sensu stricto was found in the U.S., but only in geographically restricted areas of northern Utah and California. These collections appear to have resulted from the introduction of this species into the United States possibly from mushroom growers producing G. lucidum outdoors. Overall, this study clarifies the chaotic taxonomy of the laccate Ganoderma in the United States, and will help to remove ambiguities from future studies focusing on the North American species of laccate Ganoderma.

Ganoderma is a cosmopolitan genus that encompasses species with cultural, economic, and pathogenic importance. Despite the importance of this genus, knowledge pertaining to the species diversity of Ganoderma in South Africa is limited. This study aimed at elucidating the identity and phylogenetic placements of Ganoderma samples obtained during a survey of wood-rotting fungi in the Garden Route National Park (GRNP) of South Africa, supplemented with isolates obtained from other localities across the country. Identification was achieved by means of multilocus phylogenetic inference combined with morphological evaluation. In total, eight distinct species of Ganoderma were recovered from different hosts and localities across the country. Of these, Ganoderma cf. cupreum and Ganoderma cf. resinaceum represent possible new records for South Africa. Two novel species are described, namely, G. eickeri. and G. knysnamense. Ganoderma eickeri, sp. nov., is characterized by a triquetrous and broadly attached basidiome, a sulcate or zonate yellowish brown to brown pilear surface, and ovoid to ellipsoid basidiospores. Ganoderma knysnamense is distinguished by an applanate to ungulate, sometimes convex, dimidiate to broadly attached basidiome, a chocolate-brown pilear surface covered with a hard woody-like crust and ellipsoid, broadly ellipsoid to ovoid basidiospores. The discovery of two new Ganoderma species in this study raises the known Ganoderma species in South Africa to 13.

Since polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic, they are of considerable environmental concern. A biotechnological approach to remove such compounds from polluted ecosystems could be based on the use of white-rot fungi (WRF). The potential of well-adapted indigenous Ganoderma strains to degrade PAHs remains underexplored. Seven native Ganoderma sp. strains with capacity to produce high levels of laccase enzymes and to degrade synthetic dyes were investigated for their degradation potential of PAHs. The crude enzymatic extracts produced by Ganoderma strains differentially degraded the PAHs assayed (naphthalene 34—73%, phenanthrene 9—67%, fluorene 11—64%). Ganoderma sp. UH-M was the most promising strain for the degradation of PAHs without the addition of redox mediators. The PAH oxidation performed by the extracellular enzymes produced more polar and soluble metabolites such as benzoic acid, catechol, phthalic and protocatechuic acids, allowing us to propose degradation pathways of these PAHs. This is the first study in which breakdown intermediates and degradation pathways of PAHs by a native strain of Ganoderma genus were determined. The treatment of PAHs with the biomass of this fungal strain enhanced the degradation of the three PAHs. The laccase enzymes played an important role in the degradation of these compounds; however, the role of peroxidases cannot be excluded. Ganoderma sp. UH-M is a promising candidate for the bioremediation of ecosystems polluted with PAHs.

The aim of this study was to conduct a molecular and biochemical characterization and to compare the antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of four Ganoderma isolates belonging to Ganoderma lucidum (Gl-4, Gl-5) and Ganoderma resinaceum (F-1, F-2) species. The molecular identification was performed by ITS and IGS sequence analyses and the biochemical characterization by enzymatic and proteomic approaches. The antioxidant activity of the ethanolic extracts was compared by three different methods and their flavonoid contents were also analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. The antiproliferative effect on U937 cells was determined by MTT assay. The studied mycelia differ both in the enzymatic activities and protein content. The highest content in total phenol and the highest antioxidant activity for DPPH free radical scavenging and chelating activity on Fe(2+) were observed with the Gl-4 isolate of G. lucidum. The presence of quercetin, rutin, myricetin, and morin as major flavonoids with effective antioxidant activity was detected. The ethanolic extracts from mycelia of G. lucidum isolates possess a substantial antiproliferative activity against U937 cells in contrast to G. resinaceum in which the antiproliferative effects were insignificant. This study provides a comparison between G. lucidum and G. resinaceum mycelial strains, and shows that G. resinaceum could be utilized to obtain several bioactive compounds.

Ganoderma is a genus of medically important fungus that contains at least 80 species, many of which have not been properly evaluated for their anticancer potential. This study was conducted to assess the cytotoxic activity of the mycelial biomass of Ganoderma weberianum-sichuanese isolated from the Lower Volta River Basin of Ghana. The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was analyzed to determine the phylogenetic position of this native ganoderma isolate. We then tested its cytotoxic activity against the human carcinoma cell line PC-3 (human prostate), Jurkat (human T lymphoblastoid cell line), derived from an acute T cell leukemia, and PMDC05, a plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC) derived from acute leukemia using the 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The ITS phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that this native Ghanaian ganoderma isolate belongs to the Ganoderma weberianum-sichuanese species complex. Fractions of the mycelial biomass were found to inhibit significantly (≤ 0.05%) the proliferation and survival of the three cancer cell lines, PC-3, PMDC05, and Jurkat with increasing concentrations and with IC 50 values of 27.73 ± 5.25, 21.31 ± 2.40 and 17.09 ± 0.86 μg/mL, respectively compared to Chang liver cells (CVCL_0238) with IC 50 value of 75.41 ± 1.95 μg/mL. To the best of our knowledge, these findings demonstrated for the first time, that specific constituents of Ganoderma weberianum-sichuanese are selectively cytotoxic to the three human cancer cell lines, suggesting their potential efficacy in the treatment of malignancies. Future studies to isolate and characterize the biologically active molecules are warranted.

Ganoderma ellipsoideum Hapuar., T.C. Wen and K.D. Hyde is a newly identified pathogenic species causing basal stem rot (BSR) in oil palm in India, yet its genetic underpinnings remain uncharacterized. We present the first first draft/contig-level genomeof G. ellipsoideum (41.6 Mb, 56.01% GC, N50 = 36,014 bp), which is 97% complete with 11,939 predicted genes and 13,434 predicted transcripts. A diverse ligninolytic enzyme arsenal (14 laccases, 24 peroxidases) was also identified. Phylogenomic analysis positions G. ellipsoideum closely with G. boninense . Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) databases reveal many genes responsible for metabolism, signalling, and protein turnover. Glycoside hydrolases (GH) (48.7%) and glycosyltransferases (GT) (24.1%) were identified as the most abundant carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) highlighting the plant cell wall degradation capabilities of this fungus. In addition, nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-like clusters (94%) and type I polyketide synthase (T1PKS) clusters (6%) that were related to secondary metabolite biosynthesis werewere predicted. A total of 1,662 simple sequence repeats (SSR), mainly trinucleotide repeats, and over 212 pathogenicity-associated genes including virulence homologs ( FKS1 , Mcs1 , Chs3 ) were mined from the genome. This first genomic resource lays a foundation for elucidating pathogenicity, guiding breeding for resistance, and developing management strategies against BSR in oil palm.