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Botanical dietary supplements derived from the fruit of the tree (L.) N. Robson (commonly known as or ) are used to support weight loss but are increasingly linked to adverse events and case reports of liver injury. Clinical case reports of liver injury associated with dietary supplements were reviewed that had prompted the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) to revise the USP family of dietary ingredient monographs to include a cautionary statement regarding potential risk of liver damage. The terms ' ,' ' ,' or ' ' were searched in multiple databases of adverse events. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for peer-reviewed papers describing preclinical and clinical studies of toxicity. More than 200 adverse events of liver injury resulting from consumption were identified. A total of 34 case reports of hepatotoxicity indicated one death and nine liver transplants, with 17 cases receiving CIOMS/RUCAM scores that indicated possible to highly probable causality due to dietary supplements. In one case, causality was confirmed by rechallenge with . toxicity was consistent with drug-induced liver injury and included elevated serum liver enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase with a high ratio of ALT to alkaline phosphatase. Proposed mechanisms of toxicity include genetic predisposition to immune-mediated reactions involving the human leucocyte antigen HLA-B*35:01 allele, induction of hepatocyte oxidative stress and inflammation, and hepatocyte apoptosis caused by the active constituent, hydroxycitric acid, which inhibits mitochondria ATP-citrate lyase.

Garcinia dulcis (Roxb.) Kurz (Clusiaceae) is a medicinal plant native to Southeastern Asia, with a peculiar, precocious pollenkitt production in early microspore development. We aimed to find out whether different secretory activities of the tapetum or a premature sporoderm development provides additional evidence for our recent hypothesis for the precocious pollenkitt production. Histology, histochemistry and ultrastructure of tapetum and sporoderm development during pollenkitt secretion in Garcinia dulcis were conducted, based on light and electron microscopy analysis. The results showed that Garcinia dulcis possesses normal pollen development. The presence of two different pollen coating types, precocious pollenkitt (L1) and common pollenkitt (L2), in the anther tapetum indicate that they are produced in two different active stages of the secretory tapetum. The precocious pollenkitt production and transport to the locule takes place in early active tapetal cells at early tetrad to early microspore stage and is ongoing until late microspore stage. The production of the second type of pollenkitt (L2) starts shortly after the first active tapetum stage together with the formation of sporopollenin precursors. The sporoderm formation was completed at late microspore stage, when the tapetal cell walls start to disintegrate. Orbicules are lining the inner tapetum wall at middle to late microspore stage. ER (during early microspore stage) and plastids (during late microspore stage) were the two main sources of pollenkitt, which finally fused to pollenkitt droplets when the tapetal cells degenerated at mature bicellular pollen stage.

Synthesis of copper oxide (CuO) nanostructures via biological approach has gained attention to reduce the harmful effects of chemical synthesis. The CuO nanostructures were synthesized through a green approach using the Garcinia mangostana L. leaf extract and copper (II) nitrate trihydrate as a precursor at varying calcination temperatures (200–600 °C). The effect of calcination temperatures on the structural, morphological and optical properties of CuO nanostructures was studied. The red shifting of the green-synthesized CuO nanoparticles’ absorption peak was observed in UV-visible spectrum, and the optical energy bandgap was found to decrease from 3.41 eV to 3.19 eV as the calcination temperatures increased. The PL analysis shown that synthesized CuO NPs calcinated at 500 °C has the maximum charge carriers separation. A peak located at 504–536 cm−1 was shown in FTIR spectrum that indicated the presence of a copper-oxygen vibration band and become sharper and more intense when increasing the calcination temperature. The XRD studies revealed that the CuO nanoparticles’ crystalline size was found to increase from 12.78 nm to 28.17 nm, and dislocation density decreased from 61.26 × 1014 cm−1 to 12.60 × 1014 cm−1, while micro strain decreased from 3.40 × 10−4 to 1.26 × 10–4. From the XPS measurement, only CuO single phase without impurities was detected for the green-mediated NPs calcinated at 500 °C. The morphologies of CuO nanostructures were examined using FESEM and became more spherical in shape at elevated calcination temperature. More or less spherical nanostructure of green-mediated CuO calcinated at 500 °C were also observed using TEM. The purity of the green-synthesized CuO nanoparticles was evaluated by EDX analysis, and results showed that increasing calcination temperature increases the purity of CuO nanoparticles.

Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. ex-Buch. -Ham. (Clusiaceae) is a fruit-bearing tree species known for its frequent utilisation as an anti-obesity agent and to treat gastrointestinal disorders by the dwellers of the Indo-Myanmar Biodiversity Hotspot (IMBH) region. The nutritional profile of the phytocompounds found in fruits has been in high demand in pharmaceutics. Due to a lack of sustainable harvesting practices, the species population has been severely fragmented, leading to its limited genetic resources being vulnerable to the threat of climate change. This study was conducted in the northeastern states of India for 2 years between 2022 and 2024 to assess the regeneration fitness of G. pedunculata through sporadic population surveys and to predict its habitat suitability under current and future climatic scenarios using ecological niche modeling (ENM). The study incorporated 19 bioclimatic variables from WorldClim, along with physiographic (elevation, slope, hillshade), edaphic (soil pH, soil organic carbon), and biotic factors (land use, land cover). Species distribution was modelled using an ensemble of four machine learning algorithms—maxent, random forest, support vector machine, and boosted regression tree. Annual precipitation, precipitation of the coldest quarter, soil pH, and precipitation in the driest month were found to have the maximum contributions as key determinants of the species distribution. The ENM predictions of a substantial decline in suitable niches for the species toward projected climatic regimes in the year 2080 with significant model support (AUC = 0.96 and TSS = 0.87), and poor regeneration fitness of the species indicated an alarming situation for the conservation of the species and the development of its sustainable harvesting practices. Therefore, the findings of this study recommend taking immediate action to develop strict nature reserves, germplasm banks, and seed gene banks for the sustainable management of the species.

ACE2 and Mpro in the pathology of SARS-CoV-2 show great potential in developing COVID-19 drugs as therapeutic targets, due to their roles as the “gate” of viral entry and viral reproduction. Of the many potential compounds for ACE2 and Mpro inhibition, α-mangostin is a promising candidate. Unfortunately, the potential of α-mangostin as a secondary metabolite with the anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity is hindered due to its low solubility in water. Other xanthone isolates, which also possess the xanthone core structure like α-mangostin, are predicted to be potential alternatives to α-mangostin in COVID-19 treatment, addressing the low drug-likeness of α-mangostin. This study aims to assess the potential of xanthone derivative compounds in the pericarp of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) through computational study. The study was conducted through screening activity using molecular docking study, drug-likeness prediction using Lipinski’s rule of five filtration, pharmacokinetic and toxicity prediction to evaluate the safety profile, and molecular dynamic study to evaluate the stability of formed interactions. The research results showed that there were 11 compounds with high potential to inhibit ACE2 and 12 compounds to inhibit Mpro. However, only garcinone B, in addition to being indicated as active, also possesses a drug-likeness, pharmacokinetic, and toxicity profile that was suitable. The molecular dynamic study exhibited proper stability interaction between garcinone B with ACE2 and Mpro. Therefore, garcinone B, as a xanthone derivative isolate compound, has promising potential for further study as a COVID-19 treatment as an ACE2 and Mpro inhibitor.

Garcinia paucinervis Chun et How is a tree species with important ecological, medicinal, and ornamental value. Studying the impact of climate change on the potential distribution of this species offers important information for resource conservation, population restoration, and sustainability. In this study, the MaxEnt model was used to simulate potential distributions under climate change conditions. Results showed that the precipitation of the driest quarter (Bio-17) ranging from 33.3 to 133.3 mm, the precipitation of the warmest quarter (Bio-18) from 667.67 to 1000 mm, the annual mean temperature (Bio-01) from 18.0 to 24.0 °C, and the annual precipitation (Bio-12) from 1250.0 to 1760.0 mm were four dominant factors affecting the distribution of G. paucinervis . Its suitable habitat in China is the narrowest, and it is located in most regions of Guangxi and Guangdong, the southern region of Guizhou, and the southeastern part of Yunnan Province. In the 2050s and 2070s, the geographical distribution gradually decreased compared to current scenarios. Specifically, most of Guangxi and Guangdong, the southern region of Guizhou, the eastern part of Yunnan adjacent to Guangxi, the southeast region of Sichuan, and the northern region of Hainan were identified as stable suitable habitats for G. paucinervis . Meanwhile, the expanding areas were located only in the western and southern regions of Yunnan, and the contracting areas were in the junction of Guangdong, Fujian, and Jiangxi; among Guizhou, Chongqing, and Hunan; among Anhui, Henan, and Hubei; the southeastern region of Sichuan; the western region of Hubei; and the adjacent area between Chongqing and Sichuan. By the 2070s, the contracting habitats will additionally include the central Guizhou region, the northern regions of Guangdong and Guangxi, the eastern region of Guangdong adjacent to Fujian, and the southern Jiangxi Provinces. Thus, this study highlights the vulnerability of the species and its response to future climate change and provides insights for assessing habitat suitability for conservation management.

The taxonomy of three Garcinia species, G. cowa var. cowa , G. oliveri , and G. schomburgkiana (section Brindonia , Clusiaceae), is revised for Thailand. All three species have edible fruits, young shoots, and leaves with a sour taste. Morphological descriptions and illustrations are provided, along with notes on distribution, phenology, conservation status, etymology, vernacular names, uses, specimens examined, habitats, and ecology. Four taxa, G. cochinchinensis , G. fusca , G. nigrolineata , and G. plena , are newly synonymized under G. cowa var. cowa , and two taxa, G. delpyana and G. bancana var. curtisii, are newly synonymized under G. oliveri . Ten names are lectotypified here, including six synonyms of G. cowa var. cowa ( G. cochinchinensis , G. fusca , G. kunstleri , G. loureiroi , G. nigrolineata , and G. plena ), G. oliveri and its two synonyms ( G. delpyana and G. curtisii ), and G. schomburgkiana . All three species have a conservation status of Least Concern (LC).

A revision of the genus Garcinia has recently been undertaken by the author as part of the Flora of Thailand. Herbarium specimens deposited in several herbaria, and those included in the digital herbarium databases, were examined by consulting taxonomic literature. In this study, the three names in Garcinia section Brindonia are lectotypified as G. gracilis, G. lanceifolia and G. planchonii. A new synonym for G. pedunculata, namely G. planchonii, is proposed. Detailed descriptions, recognitions and illustrations of three species in Garcinia (G. atroviridis, G. lanceifolia and G. pedunculata) are presented, along with information on distributions, specimens examined, habitats and ecology, IUCN conservation status, phenology, etymology, vernacular names and uses. The fruits, the young shoots and leaves, and the flowers of these three species are edible and have a sour taste. These species are often cultivated for their fruits.

Garcinia latissima Miq. has been traditionally used by local communities in Indonesia for wound healing and to relieve itching. A phytochemical investigation of the stem bark of G. latissima led to the isolation of 12 tocotrienol and triterpenoid derivatives, including two previously undescribed metabolites, δ -( E )-deoxy-amplexichromanoyl acetate ( 1 ) and (20 S ,24 S )-20,24-epoxylanostane-3 β ,25-diol ( 2 ), whose structures were elucidated using HRESIMS and NMR spectroscopic analyses. Among the isolates, (20 R )-eupha-8,25-diene-3 β ,24 ξ -diol ( 11 ) suppressed nitric oxide production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells by more than 60% at concentrations of 10 and 50 µM, without significant cytotoxicity (cell viability > 80%). It also reduced the release of several inflammatory mediators, particularly MCP-1, as determined by a membrane antibody array. ELISA confirmed a significant decrease in MCP-1 levels, up to 2.3- and 2.8-fold at 3 and 24 h, respectively, following pre-treatment with compound 11 at 50 µM. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulations indicated a strong binding affinity of compound 11 to MD2, TAK1, and NF-κB1, key proteins in the TLR-4 signaling pathway, with predicted affinities higher than those of reference ligands. ADMET analysis further suggested favorable drug-like properties, including high predicted oral bioavailability and minimal toxicity. These findings suggest that compound 11 has promising anti-inflammatory potential, warranting further experimental studies to elucidate its mechanism of action and to validate its effects in additional inflammation-related bioassays.

Dioecious Garcinia includes small-to medium-sized evergreen trees and is the largest genus within the family Clusiaceae. Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. is a species of comparatively large evergreen trees with fluted trunks and short spreading branches that are found primarily in Northeast India. The rind of the Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. fruit is a source of hydroxycitric acid (HCA) which has been characterised as an anti-obesity agent. During the years 2020 and 2021, we performed a series of experiments to identify elite accessions of Garcinia pedunculata Roxb. from various locations of  Manipur, India. The ripe fruits of 20 accessions were examined to identify and characterise their unique physicochemical properties. The study revealed significant variation amongst the accessions for all parameters. Principal component analysis was performed to characterise the relationships of the accessions. The six principal components that contributed 84.75% of the total variability were subjected to further analysis. The biplot linking PC1 and PC2 revealed that accessions MZU-HAMP-GPS-3, MZU-HAMP-GPS-5, MZU-HAMP-GPS-6, MZU-HAMP-GPS-11, MZU-HAMP-GPS-19, and MZU-HAMP-GPS-20 had distinct properties and included all the desired characteristics. These accessions can be exploited for future breeding programmes.